IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
|
| Vulnerable |
A2cde+3cde+4cde |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Vulnerable |
| 2008 |
Vulnerable |
| 2007 |
Vulnerable |
| 2004 |
Least Concern |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
High |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
5,290,000 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
5,290,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2007 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
medium |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
4.2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The population is estimated to number anywhere between 0.2-2 million individuals (R. Greenberg in litt. 2006). |
|
Trend justification: Two sources provide quantitative estimates of decline for the species: Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Counts (CBC). Sauer et al. (2005) provide an estimate for annual declines for a 39 year period of 12.5% per year, derived from BBS data. The estimated trend for the period 1996-2005 is a 1.8% decline per year, equating to a 16.6% decline over ten years. The CBC returns an estimated global decline for this period of 5.1% per year (CI = 2.4- 6.7%) which corresponds to a decline of 40.8% over the past decade. Interpreting the two estimates, the population is believed to have declined by >30% over the past ten years (R. Greenberg in litt. 2006). Butcher and Niven (2007) also combined data from the two sources, estimating a large and statistically significant population decrease over the last 40 years in North America (83.8% decline over 40 years, equating to a 36.6% decline per decade). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Canada |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Greenland (to Denmark) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Mexico |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| USA |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| USA |
Cowles Bog (Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore) |
 |
| USA |
Donnelly Wildlife Management Area |
|
| USA |
Great Dismal Swamp |
|
| USA |
Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge |
|
| USA |
Kankakee River Fish and Wildlife Area |
|
| USA |
Lower Rappahannock River |
|
| USA |
Monroe Lake |
|
| USA |
Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers |
|
| USA |
Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge |
|
| USA |
Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
major |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
major |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
major |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Housing & urban areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Unlikely to Return |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Persecution/control |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Pollution |
Air-borne pollutants / Acid rain |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Habitat shifting & alteration |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Euphagus carolinus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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