Species

Justification
This species has a moderately small range, confined to upland areas of Mindanao, Philippines. Despite its occurrence in high altitude areas, habitats within this range are thought to be deteriorating in extent and quality and as a result the species is considered Near Threatened.

Taxonomic source(s)
Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Distribution and population
Dicaeum proprium is endemic to Mindanao, Philippines, where it is found at Mt Mayo, Mainit, Manticao, Misamis Oriental, Mt Kitanglad on the lower slopes of Mt Nangkabulos, Mt Piapayungan at Saronayan, Lumba-Bayabao, Mt Apo, Lake Sebu, Mt Matutum at Tupi, and Mt Sugarloaf at Burakan Hill. Although previously considered an uncommon, low-density species, and hence as threatened, recent evidence of its occurrence on Mt Kitanglad and on Mt Apo, Mindanao's two largest mountains, suggests that its overall numbers may be moderately high.

Population justification
The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as uncommon to locally common in forest edge and secondary growth above 900 m on Mindanao (Cheke et al. 2001).

Trend justification
The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction.

Ecology
It is found in primary forest, forest edge and second growth above 800-900 m.

Threats
Despite its ability to survive in second growth, and its absence from the lowlands, forest loss is assumed to have had some impact at the lower limit of its altitudinal range.

Conservation actions underway
None are known.

Conservation actions proposed
Estimate net forest loss within its altitudinal range. Determine its population density, and use this to inform population estimates. Protect areas of suitable habitat.

References
Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark, Makati City.

Further web sources of information
Detailed species accounts from the Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book (BirdLife International 2001).

View photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Internet Bird Collection

Text account compilers
Benstead, P., Bird, J., Taylor, J.

IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Symes, A.

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Dicaeum proprium. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.

This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.

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