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closeIUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Least Concern |
| 2009 | Least Concern |
| 2008 | Least Concern |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Medium |
| Land mass type | Average mass | 78.5 g |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 9,470,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 9,470,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | Estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Increasing | - | ||
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 5.3 | - | - | - |
| Trend justification: This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguilla (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Austria | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bahamas | Native | No | |||
| Belgium | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bermuda (to UK) | Native | No | |||
| Canada | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Cuba | Native | No | |||
| Czech Republic | Vagrant | No | |||
| Denmark | Vagrant | No | |||
| Germany | Vagrant | No | |||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Guatemala | Native | No | |||
| Haiti | Vagrant | No | |||
| Iceland | Vagrant | No | |||
| Ireland | Vagrant | No | |||
| Jamaica | Vagrant | No | |||
| Mexico | Native | No | |||
| Norway | Vagrant | No | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | Vagrant | No | |||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Sweden | Vagrant | No | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| United Kingdom | Vagrant | No | |||
| USA | Native | No | Yes |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Plantations | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Plantations | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Rural Gardens | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Rural Gardens | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Urban Areas | suitable | breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | suitable | breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland | suitable | non-breeding |
| Forest | Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane | suitable | breeding |
| Forest | Temperate | major | breeding |
| Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | non-breeding |
| Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Dry | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Moist | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Subtropical/Tropical Moist | suitable | non-breeding |
| Shrubland | Temperate | suitable | breeding |
| Shrubland | Temperate | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 1200 - 3500 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Temperature extremes | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Unknown | Negligible declines | Unknown | ||||||
| |||||||||
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Turdus migratorius. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Least Concern |
| Family | Turdidae (Thrushes) |
| Species name author | Linnaeus, 1766 |
| Population size | mature individuals |
| Population trend | Increasing |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 9,470,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
| - Summary information on this species | |
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