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Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
IUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Least Concern |
| 2009 | Least Concern |
| 2008 | Least Concern |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Medium |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 15,000,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 15,000,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | Estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Stable | - | ||
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 8 | - | - | - |
| Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.2,500,000-4,600,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population estimates include: <c.100 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.1,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.100,000-1 million breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Russia (Brazil 2009). | ||||
| Trend justification: The overall population trend is stable, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). This species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years in North America (data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Albania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Algeria | Vagrant | No | |||
| Austria | Native | No | |||
| Azerbaijan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bahamas | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bangladesh | Vagrant | No | |||
| Belarus | Native | No | |||
| Belgium | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bermuda (to UK) | Native | No | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Native | No | |||
| Bulgaria | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Canada | Native | No | Yes | ||
| China (mainland) | Native | No | |||
| Croatia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cyprus | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Czech Republic | Native | No | |||
| Denmark | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Estonia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Finland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| France | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Georgia | Native | No | |||
| Germany | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Greece | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Hungary | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Iceland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| India | Native | No | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Iraq | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Ireland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Israel | Vagrant | No | |||
| Italy | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Japan | Native | No | |||
| Jordan | Vagrant | No | |||
| Kazakhstan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Latvia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Lebanon | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Liechtenstein | Native | No | |||
| Lithuania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Luxembourg | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Malta | Vagrant | No | |||
| Mexico | Native | No | |||
| Moldova | Native | No | |||
| Mongolia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Montenegro | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Morocco | Vagrant | No | |||
| Myanmar | Native | No | |||
| Nepal | Native | No | |||
| Netherlands | Native | No | |||
| North Korea | Native | No | |||
| Norway | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | Native | No | |||
| Palestinian Authority Territories | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Poland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Portugal | Vagrant | No | |||
| Romania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Central Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (European) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Serbia | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Slovakia | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Slovenia | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| South Korea | Native | No | |||
| Spain | Native | No | Yes | ||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Sweden | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Syria | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Taiwan (China) | Native | No | |||
| Tajikistan | Vagrant | No | |||
| Turkey | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Turkmenistan | Native | No | |||
| Ukraine | Native | No | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | Native | No | |||
| USA | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Uzbekistan | Native | No |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory | IBA Name | IBA link |
|---|---|---|
| Albania | Drini Delta |  |
| Albania | Lake Ohrid | |
| Albania | Narta Lagoon | |
| Canada | Cumberland Marshes | |
| China (mainland) | Burqin River and Kanas Lake | |
| China (mainland) | Longfeng Wetland Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Sayram Nur | |
| Denmark | Hjarbæk Fjord | |
| Denmark | Kiel Bay and adjacent waters | |
| Denmark | Lovns Bredning | |
| Denmark | Northern Kattegat | |
| Denmark | Præstø Fjord, Ulvshale, Nyord and Jungshoved Nor | |
| Denmark | Smålandsfarvandet | |
| Denmark | Smålandsfarvandet (part of) | |
| Denmark | Sydfynske Ø-hav | |
| Estonia | Irbe strait | |
| Estonia | Kabli | |
| Estonia | Kahtla-Kübassaare | |
| Estonia | Küdema bay | |
| Estonia | Luitemaa | |
| Estonia | Mullutu | |
| Estonia | Nõva-Osmussaar | |
| Estonia | Pakri | |
| Estonia | Pärnu bay (NEW) | |
| Estonia | Tagamõisa peninsula | |
| Estonia | Väinameri | |
| Estonia | Vilsandi archipelago | |
| Finland | Oulu region wetlands | |
| Finland | Pori archipelago and wetlands | |
| Finland | Rummelö-Harrbodan | |
| Hungary | Lake Balaton | |
| Hungary | Lake Kis-Balaton | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | South Caspian shore, from Astara to Gomishan | |
| Japan | Lake Furenko and nearby wetlands | |
| Japan | Notsuke bay, Odaito | |
| Kazakhstan | Irtysh-Karaganda Waterworks 9 | |
| Kazakhstan | Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve | |
| Kazakhstan | Tuzashchy and Karasor Lakes | |
| Kazakhstan | Zharkol Lakes | |
| Kazakhstan | Zhumay-Mayshukyr Lake System | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Eastern Issyk Kul Lake | |
| Latvia | Gulf of Riga, west coast | |
| Latvia | Irbe strait | |
| Latvia | Salacgriva-Vitrupe | |
| Latvia | Ziemupe-Riva coastal | |
| Lithuania | The northern part of the Curonian Lagoon | |
| Mongolia | Darkhad Depression | |
| Mongolia | Dashinchilen Bayan Lake | |
| Mongolia | Khar Lake | |
| Mongolia | Khar Us Lake | |
| Mongolia | Khoton-Khorgon Lakes | |
| Mongolia | Khovsgol Lake | |
| Mongolia | Ogii Lake | |
| Mongolia | Oigon Lake | |
| Mongolia | Onon-Balj | |
| Mongolia | Otgontenger Mountain | |
| Mongolia | Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake | |
| Mongolia | Teshigiin Olon Lakes | |
| Mongolia | Tolbo Lake | |
| Mongolia | Uvs Lake | |
| Netherlands | Grevelingen | |
| Netherlands | Lake Volkerak | |
| Poland | Vistula river mouth | |
| Romania | Argeş reservoir | |
| Romania | Black Sea | |
| Romania | Buhuşu reservoir - Bacău - Tătărăşti | |
| Romania | Cursul Dunării - Baziaş - Porţile de Fier | |
| Romania | Danube Delta | |
| Romania | Olt valley | |
| Romania | Stânca lake - Costeşti | |
| Russia (Asian) | Angara river source | |
| Russia (Asian) | Babushkina bay | |
| Russia (Asian) | Bolon' lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | Dal'dzi lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | Forty islands | |
| Russia (Asian) | Nevskoye lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | North Baikal wetlands | |
| Russia (Asian) | Shantar islands | |
| Russia (Asian) | Udyl' lake | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Basins of the Schuchya and Khadytayakha rivers | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Big and Small Akh lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Bobrovsko-Rasskazikhinskaya | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Bystroistokskaya | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Dikoye and Epanchino lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Dresvyanskaya | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Dvuob'ye | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Dzhulukul' depression | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | East slope of Northern Ural | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | East slope of the Northern Ural | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Greater and Lesser Vagilsky Tuman | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Kondinskiye lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Kurkure mountain | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Lebedinoye and Svetloye lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Lower Ob' | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Ozersky pine forest | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Pershinsko-Manatkinsky area | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Poyasovy Kamen' ridge | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Russkoye lake | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Schuch'i lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Taezhno-Mikhaylovsky | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Teletskoye lake | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Ubinskoye Lake | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Upper streams of Ob' river | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Vizhay river | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Watershed of the Mulym'ya and Bolshoy Tap rivers | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Zapovednik "Denezhkin Kamen'" | |
| Russia (European) | Berezovye islands of Vyborg Bay | |
| Russia (European) | Chudsko-Pskovski Lake and the adjacent areas | |
| Russia (European) | Flood-plain of Kostroma river | |
| Russia (European) | Floodplain of Cheptsa river | |
| Russia (European) | Kandalaksha Bay | |
| Russia (European) | Kenozer'ye | |
| Russia (European) | Kuloy river | |
| Russia (European) | Kurgalski Peninsula | |
| Russia (European) | Lake Ayke | |
| Russia (European) | Lower Eruslan | |
| Russia (European) | Morkushskoye reservoir | |
| Russia (European) | Petrocrepost' Bay | |
| Russia (European) | Russki Zavorot Peninsula and eastern part of Malozemelskaya Tundra | |
| Russia (European) | Seskar island | |
| Russia (European) | Solovetski Archipelago and Zjizjginski island | |
| Russia (European) | Sviyago-Kubninskaya forest-steppe | |
| Russia (European) | Unskaya bay | |
| Serbia | Dubovac-Ram | |
| Slovenia | River Drava | |
| Sweden | Bay of Kungsbackafjorden | |
| Sweden | Stigfjorden fjord | |
| Sweden | Torö - Muskö | |
| Sweden | Ystad - Hörte | |
| Ukraine | Burshtyns'ke reservoir | |
| Ukraine | Dnestr valley between Staryj Martyniv and Marynopil' villages | |
| Ukraine | Dnipro delta | |
| Ukraine | Kakhovs'ke reservoir (Energodar) | |
| Ukraine | Kanivs'ke reservoir | |
| Ukraine | Latorytsya river valley near Chop | |
| Ukraine | Lyman lake | |
| United Kingdom | Lough Neagh and Lough Beg | |
| Uzbekistan | Karakyr Lakes | |
| Uzbekistan | Kattakurgan Reservoir | |
| Uzbekistan | Sarykamysh lake and surrounding Ustyurt Plateau | |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forest | Boreal | major | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 2000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Food (human) | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Sport | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Bucephala clangula. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 26/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Least Concern |
| Family | Anatidae (Ducks, geese and swans) |
| Species name author | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
| Population size | mature individuals |
| Population trend | Stable |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 15,000,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
| - Summary information on this species | |
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