IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
|
| Vulnerable |
A4bce |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Vulnerable |
| 2011 |
Least Concern |
| 2009 |
Least Concern |
| 2008 |
Least Concern |
| 2004 |
Least Concern |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
1,570,000 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
1,570,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2006 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
9 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.6,200,000-6,800,000 individuals (Delany and Scott 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.50-10,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.100,000-1 million breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Russia (Brazil 2009). |
|
Trend justification: Surveys of the wintering population in the Baltic sea indicate that the species has undergone a precipitous decline there, from c.4,272,000 individuals in 1992-1993 to c.1,486,000 individuals in 2007-2009 (Skov et al. 2011). There is considerable uncertainty over the trends of smaller populations in Europe outside the Baltic sea (300,000 individuals [Delany and Scott 2006]), in Greenland and Iceland (100,000-150,000 individuals [Delany and Scott 2006]), and East Siberia (500,000-1,000,000 [Delany and Scott 2006]), and North America (c.1,000,000 individuals [Delany and Scott 2006]), rendering the estimation of its global trend very difficult. However, the overall rate of decline is likely to approach 50% over three generations (27 years), from 1993 until 2020. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Armenia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Austria |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Azerbaijan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Belarus |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Belgium |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Bermuda (to UK) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Canada |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Croatia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Czech Republic |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Denmark |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Estonia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Finland |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| France |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Germany |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Greece |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Greenland (to Denmark) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Hungary |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Iceland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Ireland |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Israel |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Italy |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Japan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Kazakhstan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Kyrgyzstan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Latvia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Lithuania |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Luxembourg |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Mexico |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Montenegro |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Nepal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Netherlands |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| North Korea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Norway |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Pakistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Poland |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Portugal |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Romania |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| Russia (European) |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Serbia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Slovakia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Slovenia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| South Korea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Spain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Sweden |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Switzerland |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Turkey |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Turkmenistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Ukraine |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| United Kingdom |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| USA |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Canada |
Baie de Gaspé |
 |
| Canada |
Cap d'Espoir |
|
| Canada |
East Point |
|
| Canada |
Netitishi Point |
|
| Canada |
Prince Edward Point |
|
| Canada |
Tadoussac |
|
| Canada |
West End of Lake Ontario |
|
| Denmark |
Kiel Bay and adjacent waters |
|
| Denmark |
Rønne Banke |
|
| Estonia |
Irbe strait |
|
| Estonia |
Kahtla-Kübassaare |
|
| Estonia |
Nõva-Osmussaar |
|
| Estonia |
Pakri |
|
| Estonia |
Pärnu bay (NEW) |
|
| Finland |
Käsivarsi fjelds |
|
| Finland |
Merenkurkku archipelago |
|
| Finland |
Sammutinjänkä-Vaijoenjänkä |
|
| Greenland (to Denmark) |
Hochstetter Forland |
|
| Greenland (to Denmark) |
South coast of Germania Land, and Slaedelandet |
|
| Greenland (to Denmark) |
Western part of Germania land |
|
| Latvia |
Gulf of Riga, west coast |
|
| Latvia |
Irbe strait |
|
| Poland |
Central Polish coastal waters |
|
| Poland |
Pomeranian bay |
|
| Poland |
Slupsk bank |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Aniva bay |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Chaun delta |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
First Kuril strait |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Inchoun and Uelen lagoons |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Keremesit-Sundrun lowland |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Korfa bay (northern part) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Kunashir island |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Kuril islands (between Urup and Paramushir) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Lebediny refuge (Markovo depression) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Lena delta |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Parapol'skiy valley |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
San-Yuryakh |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Terpyay-Tumus |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Yana delta |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Lower Ob' |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Lower Yuribey |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Valley of the Yorkutayakha river |
|
| Russia (European) |
Berezovye islands of Vyborg Bay |
|
| Russia (European) |
Burnaya River Mouth |
|
| Russia (European) |
Kurgalski Peninsula |
|
| Russia (European) |
Lapland Biosphere Reserve |
|
| Russia (European) |
Petrocrepost' Bay |
|
| Russia (European) |
Russki Zavorot Peninsula and eastern part of Malozemelskaya Tundra |
|
| Russia (European) |
Vaygach island |
|
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) |
Bjørnøya (Bear Island) |
|
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) |
Inner parts of Kongsfjorden |
|
| Sweden |
Bråviken - Hävringe |
|
| Sweden |
Coastal areas of eastern Gotland island |
|
| Sweden |
Hoburgs Bank |
|
| Sweden |
Northern Midsjö Bank |
|
| Sweden |
Taavavuoma |
|
| USA |
Eastern Beaufort Sea Lagoons and Barrier Islands |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Grassland |
Tundra |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Energy production & mining |
Oil & gas drilling |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Viral/prion-induced diseases / Unspecified species |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Likely to Return |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Habitat shifting & alteration |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Whole (>90%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Sport |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Clangula hyemalis. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 19/06/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 19/06/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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