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Greater Scaup Aythya marila
IUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Least Concern |
| 2009 | Least Concern |
| 2008 | Least Concern |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 4,030,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 4,030,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | Estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | - | ||
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 8.2 | - | - | - |
| Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.1,200,000-1,400,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan and c.1,000 wintering individuals in Korea (Brazil 2009). | ||||
| Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable or increasing and others have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). This species has underwent a significant population increase between 1974 and 2011 in North America (Zimpfer 2011, T. McCoy in litt. 2012). | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Vagrant | No | |||
| Albania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Algeria | Vagrant | No | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Austria | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Azerbaijan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bahamas | Native | No | |||
| Bangladesh | Native | No | |||
| Barbados | Vagrant | No | |||
| Belarus | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Belgium | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bermuda (to UK) | Native | No | |||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Native | No | |||
| Bulgaria | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Canada | Native | No | Yes | ||
| China (mainland) | Native | No | |||
| Costa Rica | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Croatia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cuba | Native | No | |||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cyprus | Vagrant | No | |||
| Denmark | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Egypt | Unknown | No | |||
| Estonia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Finland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| France | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Georgia | Unknown | No | |||
| Germany | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Greece | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Guam (to USA) | Unknown | No | |||
| Hong Kong (China) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Hungary | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Iceland | Native | No | |||
| India | Native | No | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Iraq | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Ireland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Israel | Vagrant | No | |||
| Italy | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Jamaica | Vagrant | No | |||
| Japan | Native | No | |||
| Kazakhstan | Native | No | |||
| Latvia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Liechtenstein | Native | No | |||
| Lithuania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Luxembourg | Native | No | |||
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Malta | Vagrant | No | |||
| Mexico | Native | No | |||
| Mongolia | Vagrant | No | |||
| Montenegro | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Morocco | Vagrant | No | |||
| Myanmar | Native | No | |||
| Nepal | Native | No | |||
| Netherlands | Native | No | Yes | ||
| North Korea | Native | No | |||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Norway | Native | No | |||
| Pakistan | Native | No | |||
| Philippines | Native | No | |||
| Poland | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Portugal | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | Native | No | |||
| Romania | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Russia (Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Central Asian) | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Russia (European) | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Serbia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Slovakia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Slovenia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| South Korea | Native | No | |||
| Spain | Native | No | Yes | ||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Sweden | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Taiwan (China) | Native | No | |||
| Tunisia | Vagrant | No | |||
| Turkey | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Turkmenistan | Native | No | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | Native | No | |||
| Ukraine | Native | No | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | Native | No | |||
| USA | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Vietnam | Native | No | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | Vagrant | No |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory | IBA Name | IBA link |
|---|---|---|
| Canada | Greater Rondeau Area |  |
| Canada | Niagara River Corridor | |
| Canada | Old Crow Flats | |
| Canada | Presqu'ile Provincial Park | |
| Canada | Prince Edward Point | |
| Canada | West End of Lake Ontario | |
| Canada | Wolfe Island | |
| Denmark | Horsens Fjord, Svanegrunden & Endelave | |
| Denmark | Northern Kattegat | |
| Denmark | Northwestern Kattegat | |
| Denmark | Odense Fjord | |
| Estonia | Irbe strait | |
| Estonia | Nõva-Osmussaar | |
| Estonia | Pakri | |
| Estonia | Pärnu bay (NEW) | |
| Estonia | Väinameri | |
| Estonia | Vilsandi archipelago | |
| Finland | Käsivarsi fjelds | |
| Finland | Kevo | |
| Finland | Sammutinjänkä-Vaijoenjänkä | |
| France | Baie de Vilaine | |
| France | Boucle de Pose et de Muids | |
| France | Estuaire et embouchure de la Seine | |
| France | Lac Léman (partie française) | |
| France | Littoral Augeron | |
| France | Traicts et marais salants de la Presqu'île Guérandaise | |
| Iceland | Mývatn-Laxá | |
| Iceland | Miklavatn-Skógar | |
| Japan | Banzu and Futtsu tidal flat | |
| Japan | Inner Tokyo bay | |
| Japan | Isahaya bay | |
| Japan | Lake Furenko and nearby wetlands | |
| Japan | Lake Hamanako | |
| Japan | Lake Nakaumi | |
| Japan | Lake Shinjiko | |
| Japan | Notsuke bay, Odaito | |
| Japan | Shiokawa tidal flat | |
| Japan | Yahagigawa estuary | |
| Latvia | Irbe strait | |
| Netherlands | Lake IJsselmeer | |
| Netherlands | Lake Markermeer | |
| Netherlands | Makkumer-and Kooiwaard | |
| Netherlands | Steile Bank and Mokkebank | |
| Netherlands | Voordelta | |
| Netherlands | Wadden Sea | |
| Norway | Varangerfjord | |
| Poland | Lower Odra river valley | |
| Poland | Puck Bay | |
| Poland | Szczecin lagoon | |
| Romania | Black Sea | |
| Russia (Asian) | Abyy lowland | |
| Russia (Asian) | Bolon' lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | Kharchinskoye lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | Kolyma-Alazeya lowland | |
| Russia (Asian) | Korfa bay (northern part) | |
| Russia (Asian) | Lebediny refuge (Markovo depression) | |
| Russia (Asian) | Lower Anadyr lowlands | |
| Russia (Asian) | Nerpich'ye lake | |
| Russia (Asian) | North-east Sakhalin lagoons | |
| Russia (Asian) | Parapol'skiy valley | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Basins of the Schuchya and Khadytayakha rivers | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Dvuob'ye | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Kondinskiye lakes | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Lower Ob' | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Lower Yuribey | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Upper and Middle Yuribey | |
| Russia (European) | Berezovye islands of Vyborg Bay | |
| Russia (European) | Bulgarski | |
| Russia (European) | Floodplains of the Unzha river near Kologriv | |
| Russia (European) | Kamsko-Ikski area | |
| Russia (European) | Lapland Biosphere Reserve | |
| Russia (European) | Lower Eruslan | |
| Russia (European) | Manturovo left bank of the Unzha river | |
| Russia (European) | Middle reaches of Bolshaya Rogovaya river | |
| Russia (European) | North-western subburbs of St.-Petersburg | |
| Russia (European) | Petrocrepost' Bay | |
| Russia (European) | Russki Zavorot Peninsula and eastern part of Malozemelskaya Tundra | |
| Russia (European) | Torna - Shoina watershed | |
| Russia (European) | Unskaya bay | |
| Sweden | Coastal areas of eastern Gotland island | |
| Sweden | Strandstuguviken | |
| Ukraine | Molochnyj Liman | |
| Ukraine | Obytichna peninsula | |
| Ukraine | Utlyuk lyman | |
| Ukraine | Yagorlyts'ka and Tendrivs'ka Bays | |
| United Kingdom | Bridgend Flats, Islay | |
| United Kingdom | Carlingford Lough | |
| United Kingdom | Loch Ryan | |
| United Kingdom | Lochs of Harray and Stenness | |
| United Kingdom | Lough Neagh and Lough Beg | |
| United Kingdom | Moray Basin, Firths and Bays | |
| United Kingdom | Moray Basin, Firths and Bays | |
| United Kingdom | Upper Solway Flats and Marshes | |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grassland | Tundra | suitable | breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Estuaries | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Macroalgal/Kelp | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Pelagic | marginal | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Seagrass (Submerged) | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy | major | non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic | Subtidal Sandy-Mud | major | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 0 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| |||||||||
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food (human) | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Sport | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Aythya marila. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 19/06/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 19/06/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Least Concern |
| Family | Anatidae (Ducks, geese and swans) |
| Species name author | (Linnaeus, 1761) |
| Population size | mature individuals |
| Population trend | Decreasing |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 4,030,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
| - Summary information on this species | |
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