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Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
IUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Least Concern |
| 2009 | Least Concern |
| 2008 | Least Concern |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 22,500,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 22,500,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | Estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Decreasing | - | ||
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6.6 | - | - | - |
| Population justification: The global population is estimated to number > c.19,000,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 wintering individuals in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Korea and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Japan (Brazil 2009). | ||||
| Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable, fluctuating, increasing, and others have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). This species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in North America (99.3% increase over 40 years, equating to a 18.8% increase per decade; data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007) In Europe, trends since 1980 have been stable, based on provisional data for 21 countries from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (EBCC/RSPB/BirdLife/Statistics Netherlands; P. Vorisek in litt. 2008). | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Albania | Native | No | |||
| Algeria | Native | No | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | Vagrant | No | |||
| Armenia | Native | No | |||
| Australia | Introduced | No | Yes | ||
| Austria | Native | No | |||
| Azerbaijan | Native | No | |||
| Bahamas | Native | No | |||
| Bahrain | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bangladesh | Native | No | |||
| Belarus | Native | No | |||
| Belgium | Native | No | |||
| Belize | Native | No | |||
| Bermuda (to UK) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Bhutan | Native | No | |||
| Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (to Netherlands) | Native | No | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Native | No | |||
| Brunei | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bulgaria | Native | No | |||
| Canada | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cayman Islands (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| China (mainland) | Native | No | |||
| Cook Islands | Vagrant | No | |||
| Costa Rica | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Croatia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Cuba | Native | No | |||
| Curaçao (to Netherlands) | Native | No | |||
| Cyprus | Native | No | |||
| Czech Republic | Native | No | |||
| Denmark | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Djibouti | Vagrant | No | |||
| Dominican Republic | Vagrant | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Egypt | Native | No | |||
| Eritrea | Native | No | |||
| Estonia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Ethiopia | Native | No | |||
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Native | No | |||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | Native | No | |||
| Fiji | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Finland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| France | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Gambia | Vagrant | No | |||
| Georgia | Native | No | |||
| Germany | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Gibraltar (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Greece | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Native | No | |||
| Guadeloupe (to France) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Guam (to USA) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Guatemala | Native | No | |||
| Haiti | Native | No | |||
| Honduras | Native | No | |||
| Hong Kong (China) | Native | No | |||
| Hungary | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Iceland | Native | No | |||
| India | Native | No | |||
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Native | No | |||
| Iraq | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Ireland | Native | No | |||
| Israel | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Italy | Native | No | |||
| Jamaica | Vagrant | No | |||
| Japan | Native | No | |||
| Jordan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Kazakhstan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Kenya | Native | No | |||
| Kiribati | Vagrant | No | |||
| Kuwait | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Latvia | Native | No | |||
| Lebanon | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Libya | Native | No | |||
| Liechtenstein | Native | No | |||
| Lithuania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Luxembourg | Native | No | |||
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of | Native | No | |||
| Malaysia | Native | No | |||
| Mali | Vagrant | No | |||
| Malta | Native | No | |||
| Marshall Islands | Unknown | No | |||
| Martinique (to France) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Mauritania | Native | No | |||
| Mexico | Native | No | |||
| Micronesia, Federated States of | Unknown | No | |||
| Moldova | Native | No | |||
| Mongolia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Montenegro | Native | No | |||
| Morocco | Native | No | |||
| Myanmar | Native | No | |||
| Nepal | Native | No | |||
| Netherlands | Native | No | |||
| New Caledonia (to France) | Introduced | possibly | Yes | ||
| New Zealand | Introduced | No | Yes | ||
| Nicaragua | Native | No | |||
| Niger | Vagrant | No | |||
| Nigeria | Vagrant | No | |||
| North Korea | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Norway | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Oman | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Pakistan | Native | No | |||
| Palestinian Authority Territories | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Panama | Vagrant | No | |||
| Philippines | Native | No | |||
| Poland | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Portugal | Native | No | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | Native | No | |||
| Qatar | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Romania | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Central Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (European) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Saudi Arabia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Senegal | Vagrant | No | |||
| Serbia | Native | No | |||
| Seychelles | Vagrant | No | |||
| Sint Maarten (to Netherlands) | Native | No | |||
| Slovakia | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Slovenia | Native | No | |||
| Somalia | Native | No | |||
| South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands | Native | No | |||
| South Korea | Native | No | |||
| South Sudan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Spain | Native | No | |||
| Sri Lanka | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | Native | No | Yes | Yes | |
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | Vagrant | No | |||
| Sudan | Native | No | |||
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Sweden | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Switzerland | Native | No | |||
| Syria | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Taiwan (China) | Native | No | |||
| Tajikistan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Thailand | Vagrant | No | |||
| Tunisia | Native | No | |||
| Turkey | Native | No | |||
| Turkmenistan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | Native | No | |||
| Ukraine | Native | No | Yes | ||
| United Arab Emirates | Native | No | Yes | ||
| United Kingdom | Native | No | |||
| USA | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Uzbekistan | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Vanuatu | Vagrant | No | |||
| Vietnam | Native | No | |||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Yemen | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Zambia | Vagrant | No |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory | IBA Name | IBA link |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Hamun-i-Puzak |  |
| Azerbaijan | Shahdidi spit | |
| Belarus | Mid Prypiac' | |
| Bulgaria | Shabla Lake Complex | |
| Bulgaria | Straldzha Complex | |
| Canada | Boundary Bay - Roberts Bank - Sturgeon Bank (Fraser River Estuary) | |
| Canada | Cumberland Marshes | |
| Canada | Delta Marsh | |
| Canada | Eagle, Namaka and Stobart Lakes | |
| Canada | Long Point Peninsula and Marshes | |
| Canada | Oak Hammock Marsh WMA | |
| Canada | Whitewater Lake | |
| China (mainland) | Aksu River basin | |
| China (mainland) | Bachu Oasis | |
| China (mainland) | Barkol Lake and grassland | |
| China (mainland) | Bosten Lake | |
| China (mainland) | Desert and wetland from Northern Urumqi to Dabancheng | |
| China (mainland) | Ebi Nur and Kuytun River | |
| China (mainland) | Hongfeng Hu and Baihua Hu | |
| China (mainland) | Jianhu Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Mengjin Huanghe Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Oasis, Desert and Wetland at Mosuowan | |
| China (mainland) | Taipo Hu Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Tarim Euphrates Poplar Forest Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Tumen River at Jingxin-Fangchuan | |
| China (mainland) | Ulungur Hu and Jili Hu (Fu Hai) | |
| China (mainland) | Xingkai Hu Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve | |
| China (mainland) | Zhengzhou Huanghe Wetland Nature Reserve | |
| Croatia | Alluvial wetlands of the River Danube | |
| France | Camargue | |
| Greece | Lake Kerkini | |
| Hungary | Kis-Sárrét | |
| Hungary | Lake Balaton | |
| Hungary | Sárvíz Valley | |
| India | Kanjli Lake | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Anzali Mordab complex | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Arjan Protected Area | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Bandar Kiashar lagoon and mouth of Sefid Rud | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Dez river marshes and plains | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Fereidoonkenar marshes | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Gavekhoni lake, and marshes of the lower Zaindeh Rud | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Gomishan marshes and Turkoman steppes | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Hamoun-i Sabari and Hamoun-i Hirmand | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Hilleh Protected Area | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Horeh Bamdej | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Kaftar lake | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Lake Bakhtegan, Lake Tashk and Kamjan marshes | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Lake Maharlu | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Seyed Mohalli, Zarin Kola and Larim Sara | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | South Caspian shore, from Astara to Gomishan | |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | South end of the Hamoun-i Puzak | |
| Iraq | Haur Al Hammar | |
| Iraq | Mahzam and Lake Tharthar | |
| Japan | Lake Hyoko | |
| Japan | Lakes Oyama Kamiike and Shimoike | |
| Kazakhstan | Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve | |
| Kazakhstan | Kumdykol-Zharlykol Lake System | |
| Kazakhstan | Tuzashchy and Karasor Lakes | |
| Kazakhstan | Uyalyshalkar Lake System | |
| Kazakhstan | Zhumay-Mayshukyr Lake System | |
| Kyrgyzstan | Water reservation of Northern Chu Valley | |
| Mongolia | Khar Us Lake | |
| Mongolia | Otgontenger Mountain | |
| Mongolia | Selengiin Tsagaan Lake | |
| Mongolia | Teshigiin Olon Lakes | |
| Pakistan | Head Qadirabad Game Reserve | |
| Pakistan | Lal Sohanra National Park | |
| Pakistan | Mangla Lake | |
| Pakistan | Marala Game Reserve | |
| Poland | Jeziorsko reservoir | |
| Poland | Mietkow reservoir | |
| Poland | Nysa reservoir | |
| Romania | Danube Delta | |
| Romania | Lunca Siretului Mijlociu | |
| Russia (Asian) | Bolon' lake | |
| Russia (Central Asian) | Lake system near Lotoshnoye village | |
| Russia (European) | Burukshunskiye limans | |
| Russia (European) | Delta of the River Don | |
| Russia (European) | Kamsko-Ikski area | |
| Russia (European) | Krasnodarskoye reservoir | |
| Russia (European) | Surski reservoir | |
| Russia (European) | Valley of Terek River (Mozdokski District) | |
| Russia (European) | Varnavinsko-Kryukovskaya irrigation system | |
| Russia (European) | Veselovskoye reservoir | |
| South Korea | Cheonsu Bay | |
| South Korea | Dongjin estuary | |
| South Korea | Donglim reservoir | |
| South Korea | Gangjin Bay | |
| South Korea | Geum-gang river and estuary | |
| South Korea | Geumho-ho lake | |
| South Korea | Gocheonam-ho lake | |
| South Korea | Han-gang estuary | |
| South Korea | Han-gang river | |
| South Korea | Junam reservoir | |
| South Korea | Mangyeong estuary | |
| South Korea | Nakdong-gang estuary | |
| South Korea | Sihwa-ho lake | |
| South Korea | Tidal flat area of southern Ganghwa-do island | |
| South Korea | Upo swamp | |
| South Korea | Yeongam-ho lake | |
| Spain | Ampurdán marshes | |
| Spain | Ebro delta | |
| Spain | Tablas de Daimiel marshes; 'Vicario' and 'Gasset' reservoirs and Malagón lakes | |
| Spain | Tierra de Campos steppes | |
| Tajikistan | Kayrakkum Reservoir | |
| Turkmenistan | Chokrak-Tutly | |
| Turkmenistan | Gurtli | |
| Turkmenistan | Jarsay - Khangui | |
| Turkmenistan | Ketteshor - Ramankol | |
| Turkmenistan | Soltandag - Gyzylburun | |
| Turkmenistan | Turkmenbashy Bay | |
| Turkmenistan | Zeyit - Kelif | |
| Ukraine | Dnipro delta | |
| Ukraine | Karkinits'ka and Dzharylgats'ka bays | |
| Ukraine | Kyivs'ke reservoir | |
| Ukraine | Molochnyj Liman | |
| Ukraine | Shagany-Alibej-Burnas lake-system | |
| Ukraine | Yagorlyts'ka and Tendrivs'ka Bays | |
| USA | Cache and Lower White Rivers | |
| USA | Montezuma Wetlands Complex | |
| Uzbekistan | Achinskoe Lake | |
| Uzbekistan | Amudarya floodlands near Termez | |
| Uzbekistan | Dalverzin State Forestry and Hunting Management Area | |
| Uzbekistan | Dengizkul Lake | |
| Uzbekistan | Karakyr Lakes | |
| Uzbekistan | Karnabchul Steppe | |
| Uzbekistan | Northern shore of Aydarkul Lake | |
| Uzbekistan | Sudochye Lake | |
| Uzbekistan | Talimarzhan Reservoir | |
| Uzbekistan | Tudakul and Kuymazar Reservoirs | |
| Uzbekistan | Tuyabuguz Reservoir | |
| Uzbekistan | Yuzhno-Surkhan (South-Surkhan) Reservoir | |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Aquaculture Ponds | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Aquaculture Ponds | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels) | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Ponds (below 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Ponds (below 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Wastewater Treatment Areas | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Wastewater Treatment Areas | suitable | breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 1000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Food (human) | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Sport | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Anas platyrhynchos. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Least Concern |
| Family | Anatidae (Ducks, geese and swans) |
| Species name author | Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Population size | mature individuals |
| Population trend | Decreasing |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 22,500,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
| - Summary information on this species | |
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