IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
A2cd+3cd+4cd;C2a(i) |
| Vulnerable |
A2cd+3cd+4cd;C2a(i);D1 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Endangered |
| 2008 |
Endangered |
| 2006 |
Endangered |
| 2004 |
Endangered |
| 2000 |
Endangered |
| 1996 |
Endangered |
| 1994 |
Endangered |
| 1988 |
Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
not a migrant |
Forest dependency |
High |
| Land mass type |
continent
shelf island
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
370,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
11-100 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
250-999 |
poor |
Estimated |
2007 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
medium |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
2-100 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
50-249 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
7.8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: There has not been a comprehensive analysis of recent records, but estimates of c.450 in India (A. Choudhury in litt. 2007), low hundreds in Myanmar and c.100 in Cambodia (J. C. Eames in litt. 2007) combined with an earlier estimate of 150 in Indonesia suggest that the species's population may precautionarily be considered to lie within the band 250-999 mature individuals. This equates to 375-1,499 individuals in total, rounded here to 350-1,500 individuals. |
|
Trend justification: This species's population is suspected to have decreased very rapidly owing to the widespread loss, degradation and disturbance of lowland riverine habitats. Resultant small and fragmented populations are susceptible to hunting - opportunistic collection of eggs and chicks - and other stochastic events. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Bangladesh |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Bhutan |
Unknown |
- |
|
|
|
| Cambodia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Indonesia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Laos |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Malaysia |
Native |
possibly |
|
|
|
| Myanmar |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Thailand |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Vietnam |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Cambodia |
Chhep |
 |
| Cambodia |
O Skach |
|
| Cambodia |
Snoul / Keo Sema / O Reang |
|
| Cambodia |
Upper Srepok Catchment |
|
| India |
Balpakram Complex |
|
| India |
Barail Range |
|
| India |
Behali Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Dhansiri Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Dibang Reserve Forest and adjacent areas |
|
| India |
Dibru - Saikhowa Complex |
|
| India |
Dum Duma-Dangori - Kumsong Reserve Forests |
|
| India |
East and North Karbi Anglong Wildlife Sanctuaries |
|
| India |
Garampani, Nambor and Doigrung |
|
| India |
Gibbon (Hollongapar) Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Inner Line, Kathakal and Barak Reserve Forests |
|
| India |
Intaki National Park |
|
| India |
Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Jamjing and Sengajan |
|
| India |
Jatinga |
|
| India |
Jiri - Makru Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Kane Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Langting-Mupa Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Lumding - Marat Longri |
|
| India |
Magu Thingbu |
|
| India |
Manabum and Tengapani Reserve Forests |
|
| India |
Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Namdapha - Kamlang |
|
| India |
Nameri National Park |
|
| India |
Namsangmukh - Borduria |
|
| India |
Pakhui or Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Palak Dil |
|
| India |
Papum Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Subansiri |
|
| India |
The Chapories of Lohit Reserve |
|
| India |
Tirap - Burhidihing |
|
| India |
Upper Dihing (East) Complex |
|
| India |
Upper Dihing (West) Complex |
|
| India |
Zeilad Lake Sanctuary |
|
| Indonesia |
Berbak |
|
| Indonesia |
Bukit Barisan Selatan |
|
| Indonesia |
Bukit Tigapuluh |
|
| Indonesia |
Gunung Leuser |
|
| Indonesia |
Kerumutan |
|
| Indonesia |
Rawa Lunang |
|
| Indonesia |
Rawa Pesisir Pantai Barat Tapanuli Selatan |
|
| Indonesia |
Rawa Tapus |
|
| Indonesia |
Rawa Tulang Bawang |
|
| Indonesia |
Sembilang |
|
| Indonesia |
Trumon-Singkil |
|
| Indonesia |
Ujung Kulon National Park |
|
| Indonesia |
Way Kambas |
|
| Laos |
Dong Khanthung |
|
| Laos |
Nakai Plateau |
|
| Laos |
Xe Khampho |
|
| Laos |
Xe Pian |
|
| Myanmar |
Bumphabum Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Myanmar |
Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Myanmar |
Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Myanmar |
Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Myanmar |
Nan Sam Chaung |
|
| Myanmar |
Tanai River |
|
| Thailand |
Nam Nao National Park |
|
| Thailand |
Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Thailand |
Thung Yai-Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Vietnam |
Dak Dam |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
major |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
major |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
major |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 1400 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
(max) 1705 m
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Commercial & industrial areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Agro-industry farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Livestock farming & ranching / Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Dams (size unknown) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Pollution |
Domestic & urban waste water / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Eggs |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Cairina scutulata. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 20/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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