IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
B2ab(v) |
| Endangered |
B2ab(v) |
| Vulnerable |
B2ab(v);D2 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2010 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2009 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2008 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2007 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2005 |
Vulnerable |
| 2004 |
Vulnerable |
| 2003 |
Vulnerable |
| 2000 |
Vulnerable |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Near Threatened |
| 1988 |
Near Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
shelf island
|
Average mass |
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
medium |
Estimated |
2001 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
medium |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
28.3 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: On Española, the breeding population was estimated at c.12,000 pairs in 1970-1971, 15,600-18,200 pairs in 1994 and at least 34,694 adults in 2001. On Isla de la Plata, there are probably fewer than 10-20 pairs. |
|
Trend justification: Awkerman (2006) showed that adult survival declined between 1999 and 2004. These findings were supported by Anderson et al. (2008). There is further evidence to suggest that the population declined between 1994 and 2007 (e.g. counts at Punta Suarez - Punta Cevallos from Anderson et al. 2002, 2008), however counts provide lower quality data than the mark-recapture estimates of annual survival (D. Anderson in litt. 2006). Based on this information, the population is estimated to have declined by 1-19 % over the last 84 years. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Chile |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Colombia |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Ecuador |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Panama |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Peru |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Colombia |
Parque Nacional Natural Ensenada de Utría |
 |
| Ecuador |
Isla de la Plata |
|
| Ecuador |
Isla Española |
|
| Peru |
Reserva Nacional de Paracas |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Oceanic |
Epipelagic (0-200m) |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Oceanic |
Epipelagic (0-200m) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) |
|
major |
breeding |
| Shrubland |
Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
major |
breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 50 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Scewed sex ratios, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Black Rat (Rattus rattus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Likely to Return |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Other impacts |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Whole (>90%) |
Causing/Could cause fluct |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Phoebastria irrorata. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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