| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
20100 |
medium |
|
2007 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
good |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
5 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
1001-10000 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
23.3 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: In 1998, the total annual breeding population was estimated at 8,500 pairs, equivalent to c.28,000 mature individuals (Gales 1998). However, current estimates are 1,553 pairs on South Georgia (Georgias del Sur) (Poncet et al. 2006), 1,800 pairs on the Prince Edward Island (Ryan et al. 2009), c.2,056 pairs on Marion Island (R. Crawford in litt. 2010), c.340 pairs on Iles Crozet (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2010), c.354 pairs in Iles Kerguelen (CNRS Chinzè Monitoring Database 2011), and 4 pairs on Macquarie Island (DPIWPE 2010, unpublished data), making a total of c. 6,107 annual breeding pairs. Using the same ratio as Gales (1998) for estimating the number of mature individuals, this would equate to approximately 20,100 mature individuals. |
|
Trend justification: At South Georgia, this species has declined by 1.8% per annum over the past 20 years, and there has been an acceleration in the rate of decrease to over 4% per annum since 1997 (J. Cooper and J. P. Croxall in litt. 2000; Poncet et al. 2006). Overall the South Georgia population has declined by 30% between 1984-2004 (Poncet et al. 2006). On Bird Island, adult and post-fledging survival has decreased since the mid 1980s (British Antarctic Survey unpublished data). On the Crozet Islands, the population stabilised following rapid declines during 1970-1986, but is now declining again (Weimerskirch et al. 1997; Delord et al. 2008). Low juvenile recruitment is believed to be delaying recovery (Weimerskirch et al. 2006). On the Prince Edward Islands the population is now stable or slightly decreasing (Nel et al. 2002b, 2002c; Crawford et al. 2003; Ryan et al. 2003; P. Ryan in litt. 2008), with the exception of Marion Island, where the population is thought to have increased 0.21% per annum 1998-2010 (R. Crawford in litt. 2012). Overall declines are estimated to exceed 30% over 70 years. However, the long generation time of this species makes it difficult to determine the most appropriate trend period for predicting population trends into the future. |
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Argentina |
Islas Georgias del Sur |
 |
| Australia |
Macquarie Island |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Île aux Cochons |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Île de l'Est |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Île de la Possession |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Île Foch, Île Sainte Lanne Gramont and Île Howe |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Îles des Apôtres |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Îles Leygues |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Îles Nuageuses and Île Clugny |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Baie Larose |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Péninsule Courbet |
|
| French Southern Territories |
Péninsule Rallier du Baty |
|
| High Seas |
Atlantic, Southwest 28 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Atlantic, Southwest 39 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Atlantic, Southwest 47 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Atlantic, Southwest 8 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 12 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 13 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 14 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 34 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Antarctic and Southern 40 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Eastern 22 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Western 10 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Western 11 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Indian Ocean, Western 25 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Pacific, Southwest 10 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Pacific, Southwest 11 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Pacific, Southwest 12 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Pacific, Southwest 13 - Marine |
|
| High Seas |
Pacific, Southwest 14 - Marine |
|
| South Africa |
Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve |
|
| South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |
South Georgia - mainland, islands, islets and stacks |
|
| Uruguay |
Atlantic Ocean and Rio de la Plata mouth |
|
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Very Rapid Declines |
High Impact: 8 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Unlikely to Return |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Pollution |
Garbage & solid waste |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Temperature extremes |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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