| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
medium |
Estimated |
2011 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
18 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: Figures point to a total of 15,337-30,519 pairs equating to 46,000-92,000 individuals based on a population assessment covering the species's entire range (Derhé 2012). This corresponds with preliminary counts conducted during the non-breeding season at the Black Sea in which up to 75,000 individuals have been sighted migrating through the Bosporus [J. Tavares and D. Sahin. in litt. 2012]). However, more surveys are needed to confirm to confirm this number, particularly in Turkey. |
|
Trend justification: Extremely low breeding success has been reported at several important colonies, particularly in Italy (Baccetti et al. 2009), as well as adult survival probabilities (across the western Mediterranean) that are currently too low to maintain stable populations (Oppel et al. 2011). There is evidence of both recent and historical colony extinctions, with ten colonies having been reported extinct in the last 60 years (Bourgeois and Vidal 2008, N. Baccetti in litt.2011). The trends of populations in Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Turkey and Tunisia are currently unknown, but declines are suspected in Croatia (for at least one colony [I. Budinski in litt. 2011]) and Greece (based on long-term trends [J. Fric in litt. 2011]). It has been reported that the species is declining in Italy by 10-50% over 13 years (N. Baccetti in litt. 2011), in France by 6% per year (Oppel et al. 2011) and in Malta by 0-15% over 9 years (Borg and Sultana 2002, Raine et al. 2009, Sultana et al. 2011). In total, these three countries represent around three-quarters of the global population. By combining data for these three countries it is predicted that, if the species continues to decline at the current reported rate, the global breeding population will decrease by more than 30% in the next 54 years, i.e. three generations (Derhé 2012). |
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Bulgaria |
Bakarlaka |
 |
| Bulgaria |
Emine |
|
| Bulgaria |
Galata |
|
| Bulgaria |
Kaliakra |
|
| Bulgaria |
Ropotamo Complex |
|
| Bulgaria |
Strandzha |
|
| Greece |
Ios, Sikinos, Folegandros island group |
|
| Greece |
Mikres Kyklades |
|
| Greece |
Nestou delta and coastal lagoons |
|
| Greece |
North and north-east Thasos island |
|
| Greece |
Porto Lagos, Lake Vistonis, and coastal lagoons (Lakes of Thrace) |
|
| Greece |
Sirna island and nearby islets |
|
| Malta |
Comino island |
|
| Malta |
Dwejra Bay to San Dimitri Point |
|
| Malta |
Ic-Cnus to Tal-Bardan Cliffs |
|
| Malta |
il-Kullana to ta' Gifen Cliffs |
|
| Malta |
Rdum Tal-Madonna |
|
| Malta |
Ta'Cenc cliffs |
|
| Malta |
West of il-Hagra s-Sewda to ix-Xaqqa Cliffs |
|
| Malta |
West of Wied ix-Xaqqa to Wied Maqbyl Cliffs |
|
| Malta |
Xlendi Bay to Wardija Point Cliffs |
|
| Romania |
Black Sea |
|
| Romania |
Danube Delta |
|
| Turkey |
Bosphorus |
|
| Turkey |
Karaburun and Ildır Strait Islands |
|
| Turkey |
Kızılırmak Delta |
|
| Turkey |
Marmara Islands |
|
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Tourism & recreation areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Energy production & mining |
Renewable energy |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Competition, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Competition, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Unlikely to Return |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases / Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Causing/Could cause fluct |
Low Impact: 5 |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Black Rat (Rattus rattus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Unknown |
Causing/Could cause fluct |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Geological events |
Avalanches/landslides |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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