IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
A2bde;B1ab(v)c(iv)+2ab(v)c(iv);C2a(ii)b |
| Vulnerable |
A2bde;B1ab(v)c(iv)+2ab(v)c(iv);C1+2a(ii)b;D2 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Endangered |
| 2010 |
Endangered |
| 2008 |
Endangered |
| 2007 |
Endangered |
| 2005 |
Endangered |
| 2004 |
Endangered |
| 2000 |
Endangered |
| 1996 |
Vulnerable |
| 1994 |
Vulnerable |
| 1988 |
Near Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
not a migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
4,600 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
4,600 |
medium |
| Area of Occupancy breeding/resident (km2) |
90 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
4 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
1200 |
good |
Estimated |
2007 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
medium |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
1200 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
11.2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The population was estimated at 1,800 individuals by Vargas et al. (2005), Jiménez-Uzcátegui and Vargas (2007, which roughly equates to 1,200 mature individuals. |
|
Trend justification: Declined 65% between 1971 and 1999, equating to 65% over 28 years. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Ecuador |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Panama |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Ecuador |
Áreas costeras de Fernandina y del occidente de Isabela |
 |
| Ecuador |
Humedales del Sur de Isabela |
|
| Ecuador |
Isla Floreana |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
resident |
| Marine Oceanic |
Epipelagic (0-200m) |
suitable |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Whole (>90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Recreational activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Malaria (Plasmodium relictum) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Black Rat (Rattus rattus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Marek's Disease Virus |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
No decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Other impacts |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Whole (>90%) |
Causing/Could cause fluct |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Scewed sex ratios, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Spheniscus mendiculus. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 22/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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