Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)

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Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus

IUCN Red List Criteria

Near Threatened (criteria nearly met)

A2bcde+3bcde+4bcde

IUCN Red List history

Year	Category
2012	Near Threatened
2010	Near Threatened
2008	Near Threatened
2004	Near Threatened
2000	Lower Risk/Near Threatened
1994	Lower Risk/Least Concern
1988	Lower Risk/Least Concern

Species attributes

Migratory status	full migrant	Forest dependency	Does not normally occur in forest
Land mass type	continent shelf island	Average mass	-

Distribution

	Estimate	Data quality
Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km²)	1,660,000	medium
Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km²)	1,786,000	medium
Number of locations		-
Fragmentation		-

Population & trend

	Estimate	Data quality	Derivation	Year of estimate
No. of mature individuals		good	Estimated	1998
Population trend	Decreasing	poor		-
Number of subpopulations		-	-	-
Largest subpopulation		-	-	-
Population justification: The world population is estimated at 1.3 million pairs: 950,000 along the Argentinian coast, at least 100,000 in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and at least 200,000 in Chile.
Trend justification: Overall population declines are thought to have been moderately rapid during the past three generations (27 years).

Country/Territory distribution

Country/Territory	Occurrence status	Extinct	Breeding	Non-breeding
Antarctica	Vagrant	No
Argentina	Native	No	Yes
Australia	Vagrant	No
Brazil	Native	No		Yes
Chile	Native	No	Yes
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Native	No	Yes
New Zealand	Vagrant	No
South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands	Vagrant	No
Uruguay	Native	No

Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria

Country/Territory	IBA Name	IBA link
Argentina	Cabo Vírgenes
Argentina	Canal Beagle
Argentina	Complejo Islote Lobos
Argentina	Complejo Punta Tombo - Punta Atlas
Argentina	Estuario del Río Coyle
Argentina	Estuario del Río Gallegos
Argentina	Isla de los Estados, Islas de Año Nuevo e islotes adyacentes
Argentina	Islas Malvinas
Argentina	Norte del Golfo San Jorge
Argentina	Parque Nacional Monte León
Argentina	Península Mitre
Argentina	Península y Bahía de San Julián
Argentina	Playa Punta Mogotes y Puerto de Mar del Plata
Argentina	Punta Gutierrez - Bahía Camarones
Argentina	Ría Deseado e islas adyacentes
Argentina	San Antonio Oeste
Argentina	Sistema Península de Valdés
Argentina	Villa marítima El Cóndor
Chile	Bahía Chilota, Porvenir
Chile	Guabún
Chile	Isla Doña Sebastiana Punta Chocoi y Roqueríos adyacentes
Chile	Isla Guafo
Chile	Isla Magdalena
Chile	Isla Magdalena National Park
Chile	Isla Pájaro Niño de Algarrobo
Chile	Isla Tucker
Chile	Islote Huentellao
Chile	Laguna San Rafael National Park
Chile	Monumento Natural Isla Contramaestre
Chile	Monumento Natural Pingüineras de Puñihuil
Chile	Patranca Island
Chile	Pingüinera del Seno Otway
Chile	Pucatrihue
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Beaver Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Bertha's Beach, East Falkland
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Bleaker Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Bull Point, East Falkland
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Elephant Cays Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Hope Harbour, West Falkland
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Jason Islands Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Keppel Island
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Kidney Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Lively Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	New Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Pebble Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Saunders Island
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Sea Lion Islands Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Seal Bay, East Falkland
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Speedwell Island Group
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Volunteer Point, East Falkland
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	West Point Island Group

Habitats & altitude

Habitat (level 1)	Habitat (level 2)	Importance	Occurrence
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Macroalgal/Kelp	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Pelagic	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Seagrass (Submerged)	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	non-breeding
Marine Neritic	Subtidal Sandy-Mud	major	breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	non-breeding
Marine Oceanic	Epipelagic (0-200m)	major	breeding
Altitude	0 - 70 m	Occasional altitudinal limits

Threats & impact

Threat (level 1)

Threat (level 2)

Impact and Stresses

Biological resource use

Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Majority (50-90%)

Slow, Significant Decline

Medium Impact:

Stresses
Indirect ecosystem effects, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Biological resource use

Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Slow, Significant Decline

Low Impact: 5

Stresses
Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality

Human intrusions & disturbance

Recreational activities

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Negligible declines

Low Impact: 4

Stresses
Species disturbance

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Negligible declines

Low Impact: 4

Stresses
Species mortality

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Negligible declines

Low Impact: 4

Stresses
Species mortality

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Unspecified rats (Rattus spp.)

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Minority (<50%)

Negligible declines

Low Impact: 4

Stresses
Reduced reproductive success

Pollution

Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Majority (50-90%)

Negligible declines

Low Impact: 5

Stresses
Species mortality

Climate change & severe weather

Habitat shifting & alteration

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Future

Majority (50-90%)

Rapid Declines

Low Impact: 5

Stresses
Reduced reproductive success

Climate change & severe weather

Other impacts

Timing

Scope

Severity

Impact

Ongoing

Whole (>90%)

Causing/Could cause fluct

Medium Impact:

Stresses
Reduced reproductive success

Utilisation

Purpose	Primary form used	Life stage used	Source	Scale	Level	Timing
Food (human)	Whole	Adults and juveniles	Wild	Subsistence, National	Non-trivial	Historical
Food (human)	Whole	Eggs	Wild	Subsistence, National	Non-trivial	Recent
Pets	Whole	Adults and juveniles	Wild	International	Non-trivial	Recent

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Spheniscus magellanicus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/06/2013. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/06/2013.

This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.

To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife

To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.

Key facts
Current IUCN Red List category	Near Threatened
Family	Spheniscidae (Penguins)
Species name author	(Forster, 1781)
Population size	mature individuals
Population trend	Decreasing
Distribution size (breeding/resident)	1,660,000 km²
Country endemic?	No
Links to further information
- Summary information on this species