IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd;C2a(ii) |
| Vulnerable |
A2bcd+3bcd+4bcd;C2a(i,ii);D1 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Endangered |
| 2008 |
Endangered |
| 2007 |
Endangered |
| 2006 |
Endangered |
| 2004 |
Endangered |
| 2000 |
Endangered |
| 1996 |
Endangered |
| 1994 |
Endangered |
| 1988 |
Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Medium |
| Land mass type |
continent
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
39,300 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
88,600 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
11-100 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
800-1200 |
good |
Estimated |
2008 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
800-1200 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
15 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The total population is estimated to number 800-1,200 mature individuals, roughly equivalent to 1,200-1,800 individuals in total. This is based on estimates of 650-800 birds in Assam, India, plus 150-200 birds in Cambodia, as well as at least 156 birds in Bihar state, India, which may have dispersed from the Assam population. |
|
Trend justification: This species's population is suspected to be decreasing very rapidly, in line with levels of direct exploitation and habitat destruction, particularly lowland deforestation and the felling of nest-trees, and drainage, conversion, pollution and over-exploitation of wetlands. Given the species's longevity, population trends are measured over a three-generation period of 45 years and hence the impacts have been severe. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Bangladesh |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Cambodia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Laos |
Native |
possibly |
|
|
|
| Myanmar |
Native |
possibly |
|
|
|
| Nepal |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Pakistan |
Native |
Yes |
|
|
|
| Thailand |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Vietnam |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Bangladesh |
Hakaluki Haor |
 |
| Bangladesh |
Sunderbans (East, South, West Wildlife Sanctuaries) |
|
| Bangladesh |
Teknaf Game Reserve |
|
| Cambodia |
Ang Tropeang Thmor |
|
| Cambodia |
Boeung Chhmar / Moat Khla |
|
| Cambodia |
Chhep |
|
| Cambodia |
Chhnuk Tru |
|
| Cambodia |
Dei Roneat |
|
| Cambodia |
Lomphat |
|
| Cambodia |
Northern Santuk |
|
| Cambodia |
Prek Toal |
|
| Cambodia |
Stung Kampong Smach |
|
| Cambodia |
Stung Sen / Santuk / Baray |
|
| Cambodia |
Upper Stung Sen Catchment |
|
| Cambodia |
Veal Srongae |
|
| India |
Amchang Hills |
|
| India |
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Bordoibam - Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Bordoloni - Sampora |
|
| India |
Chakrashila Complex |
|
| India |
Deobali Jalah |
|
| India |
Dhansiri Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Dibru - Saikhowa Complex |
|
| India |
Dipor Beel Bird Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Jengdia Beel and Satgaon |
|
| India |
Jhanjimukh - Kokilamukh |
|
| India |
Kaziranga National Park |
|
| India |
Kuarbari_Dalani |
|
| India |
Laokhowa and Burhachapori Sanctuaries |
|
| India |
Majuli |
|
| India |
Mokama Taal (Barah) Wetlands |
|
| India |
Orang National Park |
|
| India |
Pabho Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Ripu and Chirang Reserve Forest |
|
| India |
Sibsagar Tanks |
|
| India |
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (National Park) |
|
| India |
Tamaranga - Dalani - Bhairab Complex |
|
| India |
Upper Dihing (East) Complex |
|
| Myanmar |
Central Tanintharyi |
|
| Nepal |
Chitwan National Park |
|
| Nepal |
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Koshi Barrage |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Arable Land |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Urban Areas |
major |
non-breeding |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
suitable |
breeding |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
major |
breeding |
| Grassland |
Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
major |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Agro-industry farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Small-holder farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Livestock farming & ranching / Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Other ecosystem modifications |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Agricultural & forestry effluents / Herbicides and pesticides |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Agricultural & forestry effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Leptoptilos dubius. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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