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closeIUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Least Concern |
| 2009 | Least Concern |
| 2008 | Least Concern |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | full migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 581,000 | medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) | 1,760,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | poor | Estimated | 2009 | |
| Population trend | Increasing | - | ||
| Number of subpopulations | - | - | - | |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 8.9 | - | - | - |
| Trend justification: The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations may be stable and others have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). This species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in North America (4400% increase over 40 years, equating to a 159% increase per decade; data from Breeding Bird Survey and/or Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007). | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguilla (to UK) | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Bahamas | Vagrant | No | |||
| Barbados | Vagrant | No | |||
| Belgium | Vagrant | No | |||
| Belize | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bermuda (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Bulgaria | Vagrant | No | |||
| Canada | Native | No | Yes | ||
| China (mainland) | Native | No | |||
| Cuba | Vagrant | No | |||
| Czech Republic | Vagrant | No | |||
| Denmark | Vagrant | No | |||
| Estonia | Vagrant | No | |||
| Faroe Islands (to Denmark) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Finland | Vagrant | No | |||
| France | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Germany | Vagrant | No | |||
| Greenland (to Denmark) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Honduras | Vagrant | No | |||
| Iceland | Vagrant | No | |||
| India | Native | No | |||
| Ireland | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Italy | Vagrant | No | |||
| Japan | Native | No | |||
| Kazakhstan | Vagrant | No | |||
| Latvia | Vagrant | No | |||
| Lithuania | Vagrant | No | |||
| Marshall Islands | Vagrant | No | |||
| Mexico | Native | No | |||
| Netherlands | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| North Korea | Vagrant | No | |||
| Norway | Vagrant | No | |||
| Poland | Vagrant | No | |||
| Portugal | Vagrant | No | |||
| Puerto Rico (to USA) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Romania | Vagrant | No | |||
| Russia (Asian) | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Russia (Central Asian) | Vagrant | No | |||
| Russia (European) | Native | No | |||
| South Korea | Native | No | |||
| Spain | Vagrant | No | |||
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Vagrant | No | |||
| Turks and Caicos Islands (to UK) | Vagrant | No | |||
| United Kingdom | Vagrant | No | |||
| USA | Native | No | Yes | ||
| Virgin Islands (to USA) | Vagrant | No |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory | IBA Name | IBA link |
|---|---|---|
| Canada | Akimiski Island |  |
| Canada | Akimiski Strait | |
| Canada | Albany River Estuary and Assoc. Coastline | |
| Canada | Banks Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary | |
| Canada | Battures de Beauport and chenal de l'île d'Orléans | |
| Canada | Beaverhill Lake | |
| Canada | Bellshill Lake | |
| Canada | Blow River Delta (Shingle Point to Tent Island) | |
| Canada | Boas River and associated wetlands | |
| Canada | Boundary Bay - Roberts Bank - Sturgeon Bank (Fraser River Estuary) | |
| Canada | Cap Tourmente | |
| Canada | Cape Henrietta Maria | |
| Canada | Delta Marsh | |
| Canada | Ekwan to Lakitusaki Shores | |
| Canada | Foxe Basin Islands | |
| Canada | Great Plain of the Koukdjuak | |
| Canada | Hannah Bay | |
| Canada | Hansman Lake | |
| Canada | Hay and Zama Lakes | |
| Canada | Jenny Lind Island | |
| Canada | Kamouraska | |
| Canada | Kaskattama River Mouth | |
| Canada | Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area | |
| Canada | Lower Mackenzie River Islands | |
| Canada | Luck Lake | |
| Canada | Mackenzie River Delta | |
| Canada | Marais de Gros-Cacouna | |
| Canada | Marais de la baie de L'Isle-Verte | |
| Canada | Marais de Pointe-au-Père | |
| Canada | McConnell River | |
| Canada | Middle Mackenzie River Islands | |
| Canada | Montmagny | |
| Canada | Moose River Estuary | |
| Canada | Nicolet et Baie-du-Fèbvre | |
| Canada | North, West, and East Shoal Lakes | |
| Canada | Nunaluk Spit to Herschel Island | |
| Canada | Oak Hammock Marsh WMA | |
| Canada | Oak Lake/Plum Lakes Area | |
| Canada | Queen Maud Gulf | |
| Canada | Rasmussen Lowlands | |
| Canada | Réservoir Beaudet | |
| Canada | Saint-Vallier | |
| Canada | Severn River Coastline | |
| Canada | Shagamu River and Area | |
| Canada | South Shore Great Slave Lake (Slave River Delta to Taltson Bay) | |
| Canada | Southwest Bylot | |
| Canada | St. Lawrence Lake | |
| Canada | Sutton River Coastline | |
| Canada | Thomsen River | |
| Canada | Whitewater Lake | |
| Canada | Winisk River Estuary | |
| Russia (Asian) | Billings cape | |
| Russia (Asian) | Wrangel island | |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Terrestrial | Arable Land | major | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Temperate | suitable | non-breeding |
| Grassland | Tundra | major | breeding |
| Marine Intertidal | Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) | suitable | breeding | |
| Wetlands (inland) | Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Inland Deltas | suitable | breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 2500 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change & severe weather | Habitat shifting & alteration | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Future | Whole (>90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| |||||||||
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Sport | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Chen caerulescens. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 21/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 21/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Least Concern |
| Family | Anatidae (Ducks, geese and swans) |
| Species name author | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
| Population size | mature individuals |
| Population trend | Increasing |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 581,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
| - Summary information on this species | |
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