IUCN Red List Criteria
| Near Threatened (criteria nearly met) |
A2bde+3bde+4bde;C2a(i) |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Near Threatened |
| 2010 |
Near Threatened |
| 2008 |
Near Threatened |
| 2007 |
Near Threatened |
| 2006 |
Near Threatened |
| 2004 |
Near Threatened |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Near Threatened |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Near Threatened |
| 1988 |
Near Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
not a migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
continent
shelf island
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
529,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
11-100 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
medium |
Estimated |
2008 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
2-100 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
1001-10000 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
8.8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The world population has been estimated at 30,000 individuals (E. Frere in litt. 2007). |
|
Trend justification: El Niño-driven declines have drastically reduced Peruvian populations, and the species has shown reported declines of 18% on the Atlantic coast in Argentina. However, the sizeable southern populations appear to be relatively stable (Frere et al. 2004) and hence an overall decline of 20-30% is suspected. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Argentina |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Chile |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Peru |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Argentina |
Comodoro Rivadavia |
 |
| Argentina |
Parque Nacional Monte León |
|
| Argentina |
Península y Bahía de San Julián |
|
| Argentina |
Ría Deseado e islas adyacentes |
|
| Chile |
Acantilados de Arica |
|
| Chile |
Cerro Amortojado |
|
| Chile |
Estuario de Maullín y Cerro Amortajado |
|
| Chile |
Fiordo Pitipalena |
|
| Chile |
Guabún |
|
| Chile |
Guaneras de Cutipa |
|
| Chile |
Isla Chañaral |
|
| Chile |
Isla Doña Sebastiana Punta Chocoi y Roqueríos adyacentes |
|
| Chile |
Isla Grande de Atacama |
|
| Chile |
Isla Maiquillahue |
|
| Chile |
Isla Mocha |
|
| Chile |
Isla Sala y Gómez |
|
| Chile |
Islote Concón |
|
| Chile |
Islote Pupuya |
|
| Chile |
Islotes Pajaros |
|
| Chile |
Monumento Natural Pingüineras de Puñihuil |
|
| Chile |
Nigue |
|
| Chile |
Patranca Island |
|
| Chile |
Playa Hornitos |
|
| Chile |
Playa Pilolcura |
|
| Chile |
Puaucho |
|
| Chile |
Punta Corona |
|
| Chile |
Punta Ronca |
|
| Chile |
Reserva Nacional Pingüino de Humboldt - Isla Choros, Damas y Punta de Choros |
|
| Chile |
Sistema Quetalmahue, Quilo y Mar Brava |
|
| Peru |
Río Tambo y Lagunas de Mejía |
|
| Peru |
Reserva Nacional de Paracas |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
marginal |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Commercial & industrial areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 3 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 3 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Other impacts |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Nestlings |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Phalacrocorax gaimardi. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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