IUCN Red List Criteria
| Near Threatened (criteria nearly met) |
A2cd+3cd+4cd |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Near Threatened |
| 2010 |
Near Threatened |
| 2008 |
Near Threatened |
| 2006 |
Near Threatened |
| 2004 |
Near Threatened |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
not a migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
shelf island
continent
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
79,500 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
medium |
Estimated |
1996 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
11 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: Zavalaga & Paredes (1999) estimated the population at 3.7 million individuals, hence the population is best placed in the band 2,500,000-4,999,999 individuals. |
|
Trend justification: The species has fluctuated in numbers in the past, but overall declines in the region of 20-30% are suspected in the past three generations (33 years). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Argentina |
Native |
possibly |
Yes |
|
|
| Chile |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Colombia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Ecuador |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Panama |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Peru |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Argentina |
Punta Gutierrez - Bahía Camarones |
 |
| Argentina |
Punta León |
|
| Chile |
Acantilados de Arica |
|
| Chile |
Cuevas de Anzota |
|
| Chile |
Desembocadura del Río Loa |
|
| Chile |
Guaneras de Cutipa |
|
| Chile |
Isla Mocha |
|
| Chile |
Isla Santa María |
|
| Chile |
Islote Concón |
|
| Chile |
Islote Pupuya |
|
| Chile |
Islotes Pajaros |
|
| Chile |
Puaucho |
|
| Chile |
Reserva Nacional Pingüino de Humboldt - Isla Choros, Damas y Punta de Choros |
|
| Chile |
Santuario de la Naturaleza Rocas de Constitución |
|
| Peru |
Isla Lobos de Afuera |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
resident |
| Marine Oceanic |
Epipelagic (0-200m) |
suitable |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Energy production & mining |
Mining & quarrying |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Likely to Return |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Likely to Return |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Other ecosystem modifications |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Phalacrocorax bougainvillii. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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