IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
|
| Vulnerable |
A2bce+3ce+4bce;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Vulnerable |
| 2010 |
Vulnerable |
| 2008 |
Vulnerable |
| 2006 |
Vulnerable |
| 2005 |
Vulnerable |
| 2004 |
Vulnerable |
| 2000 |
Vulnerable |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Near Threatened |
| 1988 |
Near Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
shelf island
|
Average mass |
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
220000 |
medium |
Estimated |
2010 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
medium |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
180000 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
8.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The breeding population is estimated at 110,000 pairs (Jennings 2010). |
|
Trend justification: In the northern population, c.12 colonies have become extinct (Symens et al. 1993, Aspinall 1996, H. King in litt. 2005) since the 1960s, representing a potential decline of up to c.80,000 pairs (c.26% of the subpopulation). In Saudi Arabia, the number of breeding pairs declined by more than 75% during 1980-1992 (Symens et al. 1993). Declines are thought to be continuing due to coastal development, disturbance and marine pollution. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Bahrain |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Eritrea |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| India |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iraq |
Unknown |
No |
|
|
|
| Kuwait |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Oman |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Qatar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Somalia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Sudan |
Unknown |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Yemen |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Bahrain |
Hawar Islands |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Sheedvar island |
|
| Oman |
Barr al Hikman |
|
| Oman |
Duqm |
|
| Oman |
Halaaniyaat Islands |
|
| Oman |
Hamr an Nafur |
|
| Oman |
Jabal Qamar |
|
| Oman |
Jazirat Hino |
|
| Oman |
Khawr ad Dahariz |
|
| Oman |
Khor Mughsayl |
|
| Oman |
Musandam islands |
|
| Qatar |
Al-Aliyah island |
|
| Qatar |
Al-Ashat islands |
|
| Qatar |
Shara'awh island |
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Gulf coral islands |
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Gulf of Salwah |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Ghaghah |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Islands off Sir Bani Yas island |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Qarnayn island |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Siniyah island |
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Yasat islands |
|
| Yemen |
Islands off Bir Ali |
|
| Yemen |
Jabal Ma'lih escarpment/Badiya Qalansiya, Socotra |
|
| Yemen |
Qishn beach |
|
| Yemen |
Ra's Momi and Fikhah, Socotra |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
non-breeding |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) |
|
suitable |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Housing & urban areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Persecution/control |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Problematic native species/diseases |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Domestic Cat (Felis catus) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Majority (50-90%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Storms & flooding |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Past, Likely to Return |
Whole (>90%) |
Causing/Could cause fluct |
Past Impact |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Phalacrocorax nigrogularis. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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