IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Least Concern |
| 2009 |
Least Concern |
| 2008 |
Least Concern |
| 2004 |
Least Concern |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
not a migrant |
Forest dependency |
Low |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
18,000,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2009 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
8.8 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Trend justification: The overall trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable (Wetlands International 2006). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Angola |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Benin |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Botswana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Burkina Faso |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Burundi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cameroon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Côte d'Ivoire |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Central African Republic |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Chad |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Comoros |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Congo |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Egypt |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Equatorial Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Eritrea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ethiopia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gabon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ghana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guinea-Bissau |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Iraq |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Israel |
Native |
Yes |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Native |
Yes |
|
Yes |
|
| Kenya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Lesotho |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Liberia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Madagascar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malawi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mali |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mozambique |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Namibia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Niger |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nigeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Rwanda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Senegal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sierra Leone |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Somalia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Africa |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Swaziland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Syria |
Native |
Yes |
|
Yes |
|
| Tanzania |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Turkey |
Native |
Yes |
Yes |
|
|
| Uganda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Yemen |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Zambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Zimbabwe |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Botswana |
Okavango Delta |
 |
| Congo |
Lake Te'le' Community Reserve |
|
| Gambia |
Islands of the Central River Division |
|
| Guinea-Bissau |
Rio Tombali, Rio Cumbijã and Ilha de Melo |
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Dez river marshes and plains |
|
| Iraq |
Haur Al Hammar |
|
| Iraq |
Haur Al Hawizeh |
|
| Iraq |
Haur Chubaisah area |
|
| Somalia |
Xawaadley reservoir |
|
| South Africa |
Sandveld and Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserves |
|
| South Africa |
Spitskop Dam |
|
| Tanzania |
Ugalla River Game Reserve |
|
| Tanzania |
Wembere steppe |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) |
suitable |
resident |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level |
suitable |
resident |
| Forest |
Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland |
suitable |
resident |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
suitable |
resident |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Freshwater Lakes |
suitable |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Estuaries |
suitable |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
suitable |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
suitable |
resident |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes |
suitable |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Persecution/control |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance |
|
| Pollution |
Agricultural & forestry effluents / Herbicides and pesticides |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Anhinga rufa. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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