email a friend
printable version
closeIUCN Red List Criteria
| Near Threatened (criteria nearly met) | C1 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year | Category |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Near Threatened |
| 2008 | Near Threatened |
| 2007 | Near Threatened |
| 2004 | Least Concern |
| 2000 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 | Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status | not a migrant | Forest dependency | Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type | Average mass | - |
Distribution
| Estimate | Data quality | |
|---|---|---|
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) | 4,190,000 | medium |
| Number of locations | - | |
| Fragmentation | - |
Population & trend
| Estimate | Data quality | Derivation | Year of estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of mature individuals | 6000-7900 | good | Estimated | 2007 |
| Population trend | Decreasing | medium | - | |
| Number of subpopulations | 2 | - | - | - |
| Largest subpopulation | - | - | - | |
| Generation length (yrs) | 6 | - | - | - |
| Population justification: The global population is estimated to be 9,000-11,750 individuals, roughly equivalent to 6,000-7,900 mature individuals. | ||||
| Trend justification: The northern population of this species has suffered severe declines, perhaps by 50% in the last 10 years (Berruti et al. 2007). The larger southern population appears stable after a period of range expansion and possible population increase (Berruti et al. 2005) but is considered smaller than previously thought and declines may have begun (Berruti et al. 2007). This information suggests that the overall population is in decline at a slow to moderate rate. | ||||
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory | Occurrence status | Extinct | Breeding | Non-breeding | Passage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | Native | No | |||
| Botswana | Native | No | |||
| Burundi | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the | Native | No | |||
| Eritrea | Native | No | |||
| Ethiopia | Native | No | |||
| Kenya | Native | No | |||
| Lesotho | Native | No | |||
| Malawi | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Namibia | Native | No | |||
| Rwanda | Native | No | |||
| South Africa | Native | No | |||
| Sudan | Unknown | No | |||
| Swaziland | Vagrant | No | Yes | ||
| Tanzania | Native | No | |||
| Uganda | Native | No | |||
| Zimbabwe | Native | No |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory | IBA Name | IBA link |
|---|---|---|
| Botswana | Bokaa Dam |  |
| Botswana | Phakalane sewage lagoons, near Gaborone | |
| Kenya | Lake Ol' Bolossat | |
| South Africa | Grassland Biosphere Reserve (proposed) | |
| Tanzania | Arusha National Park | |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) | Habitat (level 2) | Importance | Occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine | Wastewater Treatment Areas | suitable | breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) | suitable | non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) | major | resident |
| Wetlands (inland) | Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools | suitable | non-breeding |
| Altitude | 0 - 3000 m | Occasional altitudinal limits |
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) | Threat (level 2) | Impact and Stresses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture | Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Small-holder farming | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Medium Impact: | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Biological resource use | Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Medium Impact: | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Biological resource use | Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Negligible declines | Low Impact: 4 | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / African Payal (Salvinia molesta) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Unspecified fish | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Minority (<50%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Low Impact: 5 | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Pollution | Domestic & urban waste water / Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Medium Impact: | ||||||
| |||||||||
| Pollution | Agricultural & forestry effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded | Timing | Scope | Severity | Impact | ||||
| Ongoing | Majority (50-90%) | Slow, Significant Decline | Medium Impact: | ||||||
| |||||||||
Utilisation
| Purpose | Primary form used | Life stage used | Source | Scale | Level | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pets | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | International | Non-trivial | Recent |
| Food (human) | Whole | Adults and juveniles | Wild | Subsistence, National | Non-trivial | Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Oxyura maccoa. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 24/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
| Key facts | |
|---|---|
| Current IUCN Red List category | Near Threatened |
| Family | Anatidae (Ducks, geese and swans) |
| Species name author | (Eyton, 1838) |
| Population size | 6000-7900 mature individuals |
| Population trend | Decreasing |
| Distribution size (breeding/resident) | 4,190,000 km2 |
| Country endemic? | No |
| Links to further information | |
|
- Summary information on this species - Climate change species distributions | |
|
|