IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
C2a(i,ii);D |
| Endangered |
B1ab(iii,v);C2a(i,ii);D |
| Vulnerable |
B1ab(iii,v);C2a(i,ii);D1 |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2010 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2009 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2008 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2004 |
Critically Endangered |
| 2000 |
Critically Endangered |
| 1996 |
Critically Endangered |
| 1994 |
Critically Endangered |
| 1988 |
Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
continent
|
Average mass |
284 g
|
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
9 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
6 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
2-5 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
1-49 |
poor |
Estimated |
2001 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
1-49 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
11 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: Based on the paucity of recent records and tiny number of known breeding pairs (c.10 pairs annually) the global population is thought to be tiny (fewer than 50 individuals and mature individuals). |
|
Trend justification: Repeat surveys at the two known breeding sites since 2003 have shown an overall decrease in the number of breeding pairs. |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Indonesia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Malaysia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Philippines |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Taiwan (China) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Thailand |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| China (mainland) |
Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Jiushan Islands Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Min Jiang Estuary |
|
| Malaysia |
Bako-Buntal Bay |
|
| Philippines |
Manila Bay |
|
| Taiwan (China) |
Matsu (Mazu) Islands Tern Refuge |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Mud Flats and Salt Flats |
major |
resident |
| Marine Intertidal |
Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc |
major |
resident |
| Marine Intertidal |
Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches |
major |
resident |
| Marine Neritic |
Pelagic |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
resident |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Commercial & industrial areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Storms & flooding |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Sterna bernsteini. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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