IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Least Concern |
| 2009 |
Least Concern |
| 2008 |
Least Concern |
| 2004 |
Least Concern |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
281 g
|
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
3,120,000 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
7,680,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2009 |
| Population trend |
Increasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
10.5 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Trend justification: The overall trend is increasing, although some populations may be stable (Wetlands International 2006). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Afghanistan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Albania |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Algeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Antigua and Barbuda |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Austria |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Azerbaijan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bahrain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Belarus |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Côte d'Ivoire |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| China (mainland) |
Unknown |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Croatia |
Unknown |
No |
|
|
|
| Cyprus |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Djibouti |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Egypt |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Eritrea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ethiopia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| France |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Gambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Germany |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Gibraltar (to UK) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Greece |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guinea-Bissau |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Hong Kong (China) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Iraq |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Israel |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Italy |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Japan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Kazakhstan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Kenya |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Kuwait |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Lebanon |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Libya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malta |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritania |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Montenegro |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Morocco |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nepal |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Nigeria |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Oman |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Pakistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Palestinian Authority Territories |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Poland |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Portugal |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Qatar |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Romania |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Russia (European) |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Saudi Arabia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Senegal |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Serbia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Slovenia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Somalia |
Unknown |
No |
|
|
|
| South Africa |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Spain |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sri Lanka |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Switzerland |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Syria |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Thailand |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Tunisia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkey |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkmenistan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Ukraine |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| United Kingdom |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Uzbekistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Western Sahara |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Yemen |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Afghanistan |
Ab-i-Istada |
 |
| Azerbaijan |
Pirsagat Islands and Los Island |
 |
| Bahrain |
Tubli Bay |
 |
| Cyprus |
Akrotiri Peninsula - Episkopi Cliffs |
 |
| Egypt |
Bitter Lakes |
 |
| Egypt |
El Malaha |
 |
| Egypt |
Lake Manzala |
 |
| Egypt |
Lake Qarun Protected Area |
 |
| Egypt |
Zaranik Protected Area |
 |
| France |
Camargue |
 |
| France |
Etangs de Leucate et Lapalme |
 |
| France |
Petite Camargue laguno-marine |
 |
| Gambia |
Bao Bolon Wetland Reserve |
 |
| Gambia |
Niumi National Park |
 |
| Gambia |
Tanbi wetland complex |
 |
| Gambia |
Tanji River (Karinti) Bird Reserve |
 |
| Greece |
Alyki Kitros lagoon |
 |
| Greece |
Sperchios valley and delta-Maliakos gulf |
 |
| Guinea-Bissau |
Arquipélago dos Bijagós |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Bahu Kalat (Gandu) Protected Area |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Lake Bakhtegan, Lake Tashk and Kamjan marshes |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Lake Uromiyeh |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Shadegan marshes and tidal mudflats of Khor-al Amaya and Khor Musa |
 |
| Kazakhstan |
Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve |
 |
| Kazakhstan |
Lesser Aral Sea |
 |
| Kenya |
Tana River Delta |
 |
| Kuwait |
Sulaibikhat Bay |
 |
| Mauritania |
Aftout es Sâheli |
 |
| Mauritania |
Banc d'Arguin National Park |
 |
| Mauritania |
Cap Blanc |
 |
| Mauritania |
Chott Boul |
 |
| Mauritania |
Diawling National Park |
 |
| Oman |
Al Batinah coast |
 |
| Oman |
Barr al Hikman |
 |
| Oman |
Duqm |
 |
| Oman |
Khawr Ghawi |
 |
| Oman |
Masirah island |
 |
| Oman |
Ras al Hadd |
 |
| Romania |
Black Sea |
 |
| Romania |
Danube Delta |
 |
| Romania |
Lake Siutghiol |
 |
| Romania |
Limanu - Herghelia |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Beglitskaya sand-spit |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Delta of the River Don |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Islands in the western part of Lake Manych-Gudilo |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Khanskoye Lake |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Kiziltash limans |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Kozinka lake and Baranikovski segment of Manych |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Taman' |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Yeiski salt-lakes |
 |
| Saudi Arabia |
Jiddah south corniche and port |
 |
| Saudi Arabia |
Tarut Bay |
 |
| Senegal |
Delta du Saloum |
 |
| Senegal |
Djoudj wetlands |
 |
| Senegal |
Guembeul Avifaunal Reserve and St Louis lagoons |
 |
| Senegal |
Joal-Fadiouth |
 |
| Senegal |
La Petite Côte |
 |
| Senegal |
Niayes (from Dakar to St Louis) |
 |
| Senegal |
Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie |
 |
| Spain |
Ebro delta |
 |
| Tunisia |
Boughrara |
 |
| Tunisia |
Kneiss |
 |
| Tunisia |
Salines de Thyna |
 |
| Tunisia |
Soliman |
 |
| Turkey |
Bolluk Lake |
 |
| Turkey |
Tersakan Lake |
 |
| Turkmenistan |
Garabogaz - Garshy |
 |
| Ukraine |
Kazantip Cape, Aktash lake and Astanins'ka marsh |
 |
| Ukraine |
Syvash Bay |
 |
| Ukraine |
Yagorlyts'ka and Tendrivs'ka Bays |
 |
| Uzbekistan |
Kagan Fish Farm |
 |
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Salt Exploitation Sites |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Grassland |
Temperate |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Freshwater Lakes |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Tidepools |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Estuaries |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Macroalgal/Kelp |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Seagrass (Submerged) |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Subtidal Sandy-Mud |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools |
suitable |
breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Tourism & recreation areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Recreational activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species disturbance |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Influenza |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Garbage & solid waste |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Oil spills |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Storms & flooding |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 3 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Temperature extremes |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 3 |
| Stresses |
| Reduced reproductive success |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Sport |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Larus genei. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.