Species

Justification
This species has been listed as Near Threatened owing to concerns that it is undergoing a moderately rapid population reduction, as a result of trapping for the bird trade, and forest loss and degradation. Trends in forest loss and trapping levels need monitoring, and its tolerance of degraded forest should be determined. With this information it may require uplisting to Vulnerable.

Taxonomic note
Zoothera interpres (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into Z. interpres and Z. leucolaema by Collar (2004).

Identification
Medium small, sexes alike. Top of head and nape chestnut; back, rump, tail, wings, throat and breast black; tail tipped white; wing with white shoulder, white underwing coverts and white base to flight feathers form two stripes in underwing visible in flight. Lores, broken eyering and cheeks white, chin and throat with white streaks; lower breast and flanks white with black spots; belly and under tail coverts white. Bill black; eye dark brown, skin around eye dark grey; legs yellow. Similar spp. Ashy Thrush Z. cinerea, which is larger, lacks a chestnut crown and nape and has a more prominent white throat. Voice. A melodious set of two to four grating notes choo-ee-chew, choo-ee-chu-choo, dree-di-chu-choo or drrri-drii-dri, rising on the first two notes then falling; each set repeated every six to ten seconds.

Distribution and population
Zoothera interpres is found discontinuously from southern peninsular Thailand and Malaysia, through Borneo (including Brunei Darussalam), Sumatra and Java, to Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores, in Indonesia. It may also be a rare resident on several of the south-west Sulu Islands and Basilan in the central-southern Philippines. It is described as "generally rare and scarce" (Clement and Hathway 2000) throughout, and there are very few records from Sumatra and Kalimantan in particular, although it is probably under-recorded to some extent. It was formerly not uncommon in the Lesser Sundas and in Sabah (Malaysia), but is thought to have undergone a rapid decline in recent years owing to logging and trapping for the cage bird trade.

Population justification
The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as locally fairly common in the Lesser Sundas and Borneo, rare in Thailand and the Philippines and local and scarce in Peninsular Malaysia (del Hoyo et al. 2005).

Trend justification
The species is suspected to be declining at a moderately rapid rate, owing to forest loss and degradation and trapping for the cage bird trade.

Ecology
It inhabits lowland primary deciduous and evergreen forest, often with a dense understorey, but has also been found in partially degraded forest and forest fragments (Clement and Hathway 2000). Usually forages for invertebrates on the ground, but occasionally seen in fruiting trees (Clement and Hathway 2000). Breeding takes place from April or May to about late July or August, but probably with regional variation (Clement and Hathway 2000). Nest with 2-3 eggs placed up to 4 m above the ground (Clement and Hathway 2000).

Threats
Significant habitat loss is ongoing throughout the lowland forest range of this species, and studies from Sabah indicate that it occurs at a much lower density in logged forest (D. Edwards in litt. 2007). In recent years it has been very heavily exploited for the cage-bird trade, raising fears of its extirpation from some islands in Nusa Tenggara (Clement and Hathway 2000).

Conservation actions underway
The species occurs within a number of protected areas.

Conservation actions proposed
Assess the extent to which bird trade is a threat. Monitor rates of forest loss. Further study its tolerance of forest degradation. Protect large areas of unlogged forest in areas where it occurs.

Related state of the world's birds case studies

• Developing a market-based solution to the bird trade in Indonesia

References
Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1993. A supplement to 'Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world'. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

Clement, P.; Hathway, R. 2000. Thrushes. Christopher Helm, London.

Collar, N. J. 2004. Species limits in some Indonesian thrushes. Forktail 20: 71-87.

Further web sources of information
View photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Internet Bird Collection

Text account compilers
Khwaja, N., Mahood, S., Pilgrim, J.

Contributors
Butchart, S., Edwards, D., Hogberg, S., Hornbuckle, J.

IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Symes, A.

Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Zoothera interpres. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.

This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.

To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife

To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.

Additional resources for this species

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