| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2009 |
| Population trend |
Increasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
7.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.1,800,000-1,900,000 individuals (Wetlands International, 2006), while national population estimates include: c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; < c.1,000 individuals on migration in Korea and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). |
|
Trend justification: The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations are decreasing, stable or have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). |
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Afghanistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Albania |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Algeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Angola |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Anguilla (to UK) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Antigua and Barbuda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Armenia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Australia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Austria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Azerbaijan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Bahrain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Bangladesh |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Barbados |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Belarus |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Belgium |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Benin |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Bermuda (to UK) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Bhutan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Botswana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| British Indian Ocean Territory |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Brunei |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Burkina Faso |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Burundi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cambodia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cameroon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Canada |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cape Verde |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Côte d'Ivoire |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Central African Republic |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Chad |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Christmas Island (to Australia) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Comoros |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Congo |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Costa Rica |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Croatia |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Cyprus |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Czech Republic |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Denmark |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Djibouti |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Dominica |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ecuador |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Egypt |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Equatorial Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Eritrea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Estonia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ethiopia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Finland |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| France |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| French Southern Territories |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gabon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Georgia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Germany |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Ghana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gibraltar (to UK) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Greece |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Grenada |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Guadeloupe (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guam (to USA) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guinea-Bissau |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Hong Kong (China) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Hungary |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iceland |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Indonesia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Iraq |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Ireland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Israel |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Italy |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Japan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Kazakhstan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Kenya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Kuwait |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Kyrgyzstan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Laos |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Latvia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Lebanon |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Lesotho |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Liberia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Libya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Luxembourg |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Madagascar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malawi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malaysia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Maldives |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mali |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malta |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Marshall Islands |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Martinique (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritius |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mayotte (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mexico |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Micronesia, Federated States of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Moldova |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mongolia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Montenegro |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Montserrat (to UK) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Morocco |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mozambique |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Myanmar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Namibia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nepal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Netherlands |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| New Caledonia (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| New Zealand |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Niger |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nigeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Norway |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Oman |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Pakistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Palau |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Palestinian Authority Territories |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Papua New Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Peru |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Philippines |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Poland |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Portugal |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Puerto Rico (to USA) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Qatar |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Réunion (to France) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Romania |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Russia (Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (European) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| Rwanda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| São Tomé e Príncipe |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Senegal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Serbia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Seychelles |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sierra Leone |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Singapore |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Slovakia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Solomon Islands |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Somalia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Africa |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Korea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Spain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Sri Lanka |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| St Kitts and Nevis |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| St Lucia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| St Pierre and Miquelon (to France) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| St Vincent and the Grenadines |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (to Norway) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Swaziland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sweden |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Switzerland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Syria |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Taiwan (China) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Tajikistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Tanzania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Thailand |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Timor-Leste |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Togo |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Trinidad and Tobago |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Tunisia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Turkey |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkmenistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Uganda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ukraine |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| United Arab Emirates |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| United Kingdom |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| USA |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Uzbekistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Vietnam |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Virgin Islands (to UK) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Western Sahara |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Yemen |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Zambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Zimbabwe |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Australia |
Lake MacLeod |
 |
| France |
Bassin d'Arcachon et Banc d'Arguin |
 |
| France |
Camargue |
 |
| Gabon |
Akanda |
 |
| Ghana |
Keta Lagoon Ramsar Site |
 |
| Ghana |
Songor Ramsar Site |
 |
| Greece |
Amvrakikos gulf |
 |
| Guinea-Bissau |
Arquipélago dos Bijagós |
 |
| Guinea-Bissau |
Ilha de Bolama - Rio Grande de Buba |
 |
| Guinea-Bissau |
Rio Mansôa and Gêba estuary |
 |
| Guinea-Bissau |
Rio Tombali, Rio Cumbijã and Ilha de Melo |
 |
| India |
Kaliveli Tank and Yeduyanthittu estuary |
 |
| Kenya |
Tana River Delta |
 |
| Malaysia |
North-central Selangor coast |
 |
| Malaysia |
Sadong-Saribas coast |
 |
| Mauritania |
Banc d'Arguin National Park |
 |
| Namibia |
Sandwich Harbour |
 |
| Namibia |
Walvis Bay |
 |
| Oman |
Barr al Hikman |
 |
| Romania |
Danube Delta |
 |
| Russia (European) |
Torna - Shoina watershed |
 |
| Saudi Arabia |
Sabkhat al-Fasl lagoons |
 |
| Senegal |
Delta du Saloum |
 |
| Sierra Leone |
Sierra Leone River Estuary |
 |
| Sierra Leone |
Yawri Bay |
 |
| South Africa |
Lower Berg river wetlands |
 |
| South Africa |
Olifants river estuary |
 |
| South Africa |
West Coast National Park and Saldanha Bay islands |
 |
| Spain |
Ebro delta |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Amaipaddukkai |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Araly South-Punalai |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Periyakalapuwa mouth |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Seguwantive mudflats |
 |
| Tanzania |
Rufiji Delta |
 |
| Tunisia |
Kneiss |
 |
| Tunisia |
Salines de Thyna |
 |
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Salt Exploitation Sites |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Grassland |
Tundra |
major |
breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Mud Flats and Salt Flats |
major |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Rocky Shoreline |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Tidepools |
suitable |
breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Tidepools |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Neritic |
Estuaries |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt) |
major |
breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Commercial & industrial areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Residential & commercial development |
Housing & urban areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Transportation & service corridors |
Roads & railroads |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Recreational activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species disturbance |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of surface water (commercial use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Dams (size unknown) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Other ecosystem modifications |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Influenza |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Droughts |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Climate change & severe weather |
Habitat shifting & alteration |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Whole (>90%) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
| Stresses |
| Indirect ecosystem effects, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.