| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2009 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
5.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.260,000-1,200,000 individuals (Wetlands International, 2006), while national population estimates include: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs, > c.10,000 individuals on migration and c.1,000-10,000 wintering individuals in China; c.50-10,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009). |
|
Trend justification: The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). |
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Afghanistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Albania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Algeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Angola |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Armenia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Australia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Austria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Azerbaijan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Bahrain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Bangladesh |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Belarus |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Belgium |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Benin |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Botswana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| British Indian Ocean Territory |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Brunei |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Burkina Faso |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Burundi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cambodia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cameroon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Cape Verde |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Côte d'Ivoire |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Central African Republic |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Chad |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Christmas Island (to Australia) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Croatia |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Cyprus |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Czech Republic |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Denmark |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Djibouti |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Egypt |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Equatorial Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Eritrea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Estonia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ethiopia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Finland |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| France |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Gabon |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Gambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Georgia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Germany |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Ghana |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Greece |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Guam (to USA) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Guinea-Bissau |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Hong Kong (China) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Hungary |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Indonesia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Iraq |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Ireland |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Israel |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Italy |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Japan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Kazakhstan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Kenya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Kuwait |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Kyrgyzstan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Laos |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Latvia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Lebanon |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Lesotho |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Liberia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Libya |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Lithuania |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Luxembourg |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Madagascar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malawi |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malaysia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Maldives |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Mali |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Malta |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Marshall Islands |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mauritius |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Micronesia, Federated States of |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Moldova |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| Mongolia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Montenegro |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Morocco |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Mozambique |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Myanmar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Namibia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nepal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Netherlands |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| New Zealand |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Niger |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nigeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| North Korea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Northern Mariana Islands (to USA) |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Norway |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Oman |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Pakistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Palau |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Palestinian Authority Territories |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Papua New Guinea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Philippines |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Poland |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Portugal |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Qatar |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Romania |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| Russia (Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (European) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Rwanda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Senegal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Serbia |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Seychelles |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sierra Leone |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Singapore |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Slovakia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Slovenia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Somalia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Africa |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Korea |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Spain |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Sri Lanka |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Swaziland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sweden |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Switzerland |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Syria |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Taiwan (China) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Tajikistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Tanzania |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Thailand |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Timor-Leste |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Togo |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Tunisia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkey |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkmenistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Uganda |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ukraine |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| United Arab Emirates |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| United Kingdom |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| USA |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Uzbekistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Vietnam |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Yemen |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Zambia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Zimbabwe |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| Azerbaijan |
Divichi liman (or Lake Akzibir) |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Coastal mudflat of Tianjin |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Lianyungang saltworks |
 |
| Djibouti |
Dôda |
 |
| Ghana |
Keta Lagoon Ramsar Site |
 |
| Greece |
Divari Pilou lagoon (Gialova) |
 |
| Greece |
Evros delta |
 |
| Greece |
Kalogria lagoon, Strofilia forest, and Lamia marshes |
 |
| Hong Kong (China) |
Inner Deep Bay and Shenzhen River catchment area |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Lake Uromiyeh |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Miankaleh Peninsula and Gorgan Bay |
 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Shur Gol, Yadegarlu and Dorgeh Sangi lakes |
 |
| Israel |
Southern Arava valley and Elat mountains |
 |
| Kenya |
Tana River Delta |
 |
| Malaysia |
Sadong-Saribas coast |
 |
| Philippines |
Manila Bay |
 |
| Romania |
Danube Delta |
 |
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Kurtan Lake |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Kayts Island-Mandathive |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Mundel Lake |
 |
| Sri Lanka |
Seguwantive mudflats |
 |
| Tanzania |
Lake Manyara National Park |
 |
| Uganda |
Doho Rice Scheme |
 |
| Uganda |
Kibimba Rice Scheme |
 |
| Ukraine |
Syvash Bay |
 |
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Ponds (below 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Coastal/Supratidal |
Coastal Freshwater Lakes |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Mud Flats and Salt Flats |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Scale Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (large scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Indirect ecosystem effects |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of ground water (unknown use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Dams (size unknown) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Other ecosystem modifications |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
| Species mortality |
|
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
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