IUCN Red List Criteria
| Critically Endangered |
|
| Endangered |
|
| Vulnerable |
B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v);C1+2a(ii) |
IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Vulnerable |
| 2008 |
Vulnerable |
| 2007 |
Vulnerable |
| 2006 |
Vulnerable |
| 2004 |
Vulnerable |
| 2000 |
Vulnerable |
| 1996 |
Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Conservation Dependent |
| 1988 |
Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
continent
|
Average mass |
- |
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
119,000 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
119,000 |
medium |
| Area of Occupancy breeding/resident (km2) |
1,410 |
good |
| Area of Occupancy non-breeding (km2) |
1,410 |
good |
| Number of locations |
10 |
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
2500-9999 |
good |
Estimated |
2007 |
| Population trend |
Decreasing |
poor |
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
2500-9999 |
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
12 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The global population was estimated at c.6,900 mature individuals (J. Harris in litt. 2006), but is now estimated to be c.11,600 individuals based on winter estimates of 1,050-1,150 individuals in China (J. Harris in litt. 2012); c.10,500 individuals in Japan (S. Chan in litt. 2012) and c.114 individuals in Korea (Li and Mundkur 2004). The population is thus best placed in the band for 2,500-9,999 mature individuals. |
|
Trend justification: This species's population is suspected to be decreasing at a moderate rate, in line with levels of wetland loss and degradation in its wintering grounds, primarily as a result of reclamation for development and dam building. Based upon winter counts, it is increasing at Izumi in Japan and Suncheon Bay in South Korea but the species is declining at all seven of its other known wintering sites (S. Chan in litt. 2006). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| India |
Vagrant |
Yes |
|
Yes |
|
| Japan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Kazakhstan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Mongolia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| North Korea |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Russia (Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Korea |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Taiwan (China) |
Vagrant |
No |
|
Yes |
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| China (mainland) |
Anqing wetlands (Caizi Hu, Wuchang Hu and other lakes) |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Beidaihe |
|
| China (mainland) |
Chagan Hu Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Chen Hu Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Dazhanhe Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Dongting Hu wetlands |
|
| China (mainland) |
Fang Hu Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Hala Hai |
|
| China (mainland) |
Heiyupao Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Holqin Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Honghe Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Huanzidong |
|
| China (mainland) |
Huihe Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Hukou Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Huret |
|
| China (mainland) |
Jiuduansha Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Kaifeng Liuyuankou Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Lianhuanhu Waterbird Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Lindian County Xinxing Horse Ranch and Julang Pasture |
|
| China (mainland) |
Longfeng Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Longgan Hu Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Melmeg (Momege) Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Nanweng He Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Poyang Hu wetlands |
|
| China (mainland) |
Qidong Northern Yangtze Estuary Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Qindeli Sturgeon Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Qixing He Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Shengjin Hu Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Shuifeng Reservoir and middle reaches of Yalu Jiang |
|
| China (mainland) |
Wafangdian Fuzhou Wan |
|
| China (mainland) |
Xianghai Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Xinqing Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Yalu Jiang Estuary |
|
| China (mainland) |
Yancheng Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Yangdali Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Yubei Huanghe Gudao Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Zhalong Nature Reserve |
|
| China (mainland) |
Zhengzhou Huanghe Wetland Nature Reserve |
|
| Japan |
Izumi, Takaono |
|
| Japan |
Kumage-Yatsushiro |
|
| Mongolia |
Khar Yamaat Nature Reserve |
|
| Mongolia |
Khovsgol Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Khukh Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Mongol Daguur |
|
| Mongolia |
Ogii Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Onon-Balj |
|
| Mongolia |
Tashgain Tavan Lakes |
|
| Mongolia |
Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Turgen Tsagaan, Zegst, Tuulaitiyn Burd Lakes |
|
| Mongolia |
Ugtam Nature Reserve |
|
| Mongolia |
Valleys of Khurkh-Khuiten Rivers |
|
| North Korea |
Chongchon River estuary (including Mundok Nature Reserve) |
|
| North Korea |
Daedong Bay |
|
| North Korea |
Onchon field |
|
| North Korea |
Panmun field |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Argun' river |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Arkhara lowlands (including Khinganskiy Nature Reserve) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Bolon' lake |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Evoron-Chukchagirskoye depression |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Khadyn lake |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Khanka plain |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Lower Bikin river (Kenihezskaya mire) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Middle reaches of the Bikin river |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Middle reaches of the Iman river |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Muraviovskiy Wildlife Refuge |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
North Baikal wetlands |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Shantar islands |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Torey lakes (including Daursky Nature Reserve) |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Tunkin valley |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Udyl' lake |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Zevskoye plateau |
|
| South Korea |
Cheonsu Bay |
|
| South Korea |
Gumi Haepyeong |
|
| South Korea |
Junam reservoir |
|
| South Korea |
Nakdong-gang estuary |
|
| South Korea |
Sihwa-ho lake |
|
| South Korea |
Suncheon Bay |
|
| South Korea |
Yeongam-ho lake |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Arable Land |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Grassland |
Temperate |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Marine Intertidal |
Mud Flats and Salt Flats |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
major |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
major |
breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 0 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Residential & commercial development |
Commercial & industrial areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Residential & commercial development |
Housing & urban areas |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Agro-industry farming |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Unintentional effects: (subsistence/small scale) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 4 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Reduced reproductive success, Species mortality |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Large dams |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Minority (<50%) |
Very Rapid Declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases |
Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases / Avian Influenza |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Future |
Majority (50-90%) |
Very Rapid Declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Pollution |
Industrial & military effluents / Type Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Grus monacha. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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