IUCN Red List history
| Year |
Category |
| 2012 |
Least Concern |
| 2009 |
Least Concern |
| 2008 |
Least Concern |
| 2004 |
Least Concern |
| 2000 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1994 |
Lower Risk/Least Concern |
| 1988 |
Near Threatened |
Species attributes
| Migratory status |
full migrant |
Forest dependency |
Does not normally occur in forest |
| Land mass type |
|
Average mass |
2417 g
|
Distribution
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
| Extent of Occurrence breeding/resident (km2) |
2,790,000 |
medium |
| Extent of Occurrence non-breeding (km2) |
2,790,000 |
medium |
| Number of locations |
|
- |
| Fragmentation |
|
- |
Population & trend
| |
Estimate |
Data quality |
Derivation |
Year of estimate |
| No. of mature individuals |
|
poor |
Estimated |
2009 |
| Population trend |
Increasing |
|
|
- |
| Number of subpopulations |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Largest subpopulation |
|
- |
- |
- |
| Generation length (yrs) |
11.2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Population justification: The global population is estimated to number c.230,000-280,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while the population in China has been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009). |
|
Trend justification: The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations are decreasing, stable or have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006). |
Country/Territory distribution
| Country/Territory |
Occurrence status |
Extinct |
Breeding |
Non-breeding |
Passage |
| Afghanistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Armenia |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Azerbaijan |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Bangladesh |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bhutan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Bulgaria |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Chad |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| China (mainland) |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Croatia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Cyprus |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Denmark |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Egypt |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Eritrea |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Ethiopia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Finland |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Germany |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Greece |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Hungary |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| India |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Iraq |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Israel |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Italy |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Japan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Jordan |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Kazakhstan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Kenya |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Kuwait |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Kyrgyzstan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Lebanon |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Malta |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Moldova |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Mongolia |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Montenegro |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Morocco |
Unknown |
possibly |
|
|
|
| Myanmar |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Namibia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nepal |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Nigeria |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Norway |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Oman |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
Yes |
| Pakistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Portugal |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Romania |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Russia (European) |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
Yes |
| Saudi Arabia |
Native |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Serbia |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Slovakia |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| South Korea |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| South Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
| Spain |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Sudan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Sweden |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
|
| Syria |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Tajikistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Turkey |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Turkmenistan |
Native |
No |
|
|
|
| Ukraine |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| United Arab Emirates |
Vagrant |
No |
|
|
Yes |
| Uzbekistan |
Native |
No |
Yes |
|
|
| Yemen |
Native |
No |
|
Yes |
|
Important Bird Areas where this species has triggered the IBA criteria
| Country/Territory |
IBA Name |
IBA link |
| China (mainland) |
Bayanbulak and Kaidu River Valley |
 |
| China (mainland) |
Qinghai Hu (Koko Nor) |
|
| Cyprus |
Akrotiri Peninsula - Episkopi Cliffs |
|
| India |
Jaikwadi Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| India |
Nandur Madhmeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary |
|
| Iraq |
Haur Al Suwayqiyah |
|
| Jordan |
Azraq |
|
| Kazakhstan |
Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve |
|
| Kazakhstan |
Kumdykol-Zharlykol Lake System |
|
| Kazakhstan |
Sagyz |
|
| Kazakhstan |
Ters-Ashchibulak Reservoir |
|
| Kazakhstan |
Uyalyshalkar Lake System |
|
| Kyrgyzstan |
Eastern Issyk Kul Lake |
|
| Kyrgyzstan |
Karkyra Valley |
|
| Kyrgyzstan |
Tulek Valley |
|
| Mongolia |
Baga and Bayan Lakes |
|
| Mongolia |
Boon Tsagaan Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Darkhad Depression |
|
| Mongolia |
Dashinchilen Bayan Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Delta of Orkhon and Selenge Rivers |
|
| Mongolia |
Erdenesant Mountains |
|
| Mongolia |
Khasagt Khairkhan Mountain |
|
| Mongolia |
Khukh Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Mongol Daguur |
|
| Mongolia |
Ogii Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Onon-Balj |
|
| Mongolia |
Selengiin Tsagaan Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Tarialan |
|
| Mongolia |
Tashgain Tavan Lakes |
|
| Mongolia |
Tsengeleg Lakes |
|
| Mongolia |
Ugtam Nature Reserve |
|
| Mongolia |
Ulziitiin Sangiin Dalai Lake |
|
| Mongolia |
Valleys of Khurkh-Khuiten Rivers |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Khadyn lake |
|
| Russia (Asian) |
Torey lakes (including Daursky Nature Reserve) |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Birsuat |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Blagoveschenskaya (Kulunda lake and vicinity) |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Kurumbel'skaya steppe |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Plateau Ukok |
|
| Russia (Central Asian) |
Sources of the rivers Big Karaganka and Syntasty |
|
| Russia (European) |
Bogdinsko-Baskunchakski |
|
| Russia (European) |
Budary lakes |
|
| Russia (European) |
Cranes area |
|
| Russia (European) |
Dadynskiye lakes |
|
| Russia (European) |
Drofinyi area |
|
| Russia (European) |
Floodplain of the Terek river near Staroshchedrinskaya |
|
| Russia (European) |
Kalausskiye floods |
|
| Russia (European) |
Kurnikov liman |
|
| Russia (European) |
Lysyi Liman lake and valley of Vostochniy Manych river |
|
| Russia (European) |
Manychstroi area |
|
| Russia (European) |
Outskirts of Arbali village |
|
| Russia (European) |
Prikumskiye steppes |
|
| Russia (European) |
Sources of Akshibai river |
|
| Russia (European) |
Southern part of Chograiski reservoir |
|
| Russia (European) |
Stepnovski saltmarshes |
|
| Russia (European) |
Tazhinski liman |
|
| Russia (European) |
Uttinskaya area |
|
| Russia (European) |
Vicinity of Borisoglebovka (Saratovski [Semenovski] Reserve) |
|
| Russia (European) |
Yangiyurtovski reserve and Bakas fen |
|
| Russia (European) |
Zolotarevskaya area |
|
| Saudi Arabia |
Jabal Aja and Northern Ha'il |
|
| Sudan |
Gezira |
|
| Turkey |
Bulanık and Malazgirt Plains |
|
| Turkey |
Haçlı Lake |
|
| Turkey |
Kulu Lake |
|
| Ukraine |
Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve |
|
| Ukraine |
Syvash Bay |
|
| Uzbekistan |
Aksay Lake and surrounding desert |
|
| Uzbekistan |
Amudarya floodlands near Termez |
|
| Uzbekistan |
Chimkurgan Reservoir |
|
| Uzbekistan |
Kattakurgan Reservoir |
|
| Uzbekistan |
South-west Gizzar Foothills |
|
| Uzbekistan |
Talimarzhan Reservoir |
|
| Yemen |
Aden |
|
| Yemen |
Al-Murah |
|
Habitats & altitude
| Habitat (level 1) |
Habitat (level 2) |
Importance |
Occurrence |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Ponds (below 8ha) |
suitable |
breeding |
| Artificial/Aquatic & Marine |
Ponds (below 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Arable Land |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Arable Land |
suitable |
breeding |
| Artificial/Terrestrial |
Pastureland |
suitable |
breeding |
| Desert |
Hot |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Desert |
Temperate |
suitable |
breeding |
| Grassland |
Subtropical/Tropical Dry |
major |
non-breeding |
| Grassland |
Temperate |
major |
breeding |
| Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks) |
|
suitable |
breeding |
| Savanna |
Dry |
major |
non-breeding |
| Shrubland |
Temperate |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) |
suitable |
non-breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats |
suitable |
breeding |
| Wetlands (inland) |
Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks |
suitable |
non-breeding |
|
Altitude
|
0 - 3000 m
|
Occasional altitudinal limits
|
|
Threats & impact
| Threat (level 1) |
Threat (level 2) |
Impact and Stresses |
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Scale Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Agriculture & Aquaculture |
Annual & perennial non-timber crops / Scale Unknown/Unrecorded |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Whole (>90%) |
Negligible declines |
Medium Impact: |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance, Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
| Energy production & mining |
Mining & quarrying |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Minority (<50%) |
Slow, Significant Decline |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Biological resource use |
Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources / Persecution/control |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Biological resource use |
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals / Intentional use (species is the target) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species mortality |
|
| Human intrusions & disturbance |
Work & other activities |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Species disturbance |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Abstraction of surface water (unknown use) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Natural system modifications |
Dams & water management/use / Dams (size unknown) |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion |
|
| Pollution |
Agricultural & forestry effluents / Herbicides and pesticides |
Timing |
Scope |
Severity |
Impact |
| Ongoing |
Majority (50-90%) |
Negligible declines |
Low Impact: 5 |
| Stresses |
|---|
| Ecosystem degradation, Ecosystem conversion, Species mortality |
|
Utilisation
| Purpose |
Primary form used |
Life stage used |
Source |
Scale |
Level |
Timing |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Food (human) |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Pets |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
International |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
| Sport |
Whole |
Adults and juveniles |
Wild |
Subsistence, National |
Non-trivial |
Recent |
Recommended citation
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Anthropoides virgo. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 23/05/2013.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
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